Table 3.
Hazard ratios (95% CIs) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by energy-adjusted long-term dietary fiber intake (data from 1987 to 1997) in 35,339 Swedish women, follow-up 2002–2014
| Long-term dietary fiber intake, g/day (median)a | Long-term dietary fiber intake up to 25 g/daya | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Per 1-g | P trend | ||||||
| Total fiber | < 17.6 (16.1) | 17.6–20.5 (19.3) | 20.6–23.1 (21.8) | 23.2–26.4 (24.6) | ≥ 26.5 (28.6) | ||
| No. of cases/no. women | 267/3528 | 307/6149 | 363/8014 | 307/9384 | 313/8264 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.62 (0.52–0.73) | 0.54 (0.46–0.63) | 0.37 (0.32–0.44) | 0.43 (0.36–0.50) | 0.89 (0.88–0.91) | < 0.001 |
| Age and smoke-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.65–0.90) | 0.77 (0.65–0.90) | 0.57 (0.48–0.67) | 0.69 (0.58–0.81) | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) | < 0.001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.67–0.94) | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) | 0.60 (0.51–0.71) | 0.70 (0.59–0.83) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | < 0.001 |
| Cereal fiber | < 9.4 (8.4) | 9.4–11.6 (10.7) | 11.7–13.5 (12.6) | 13.6–16.2 (14.8) | ≥ 16.3 (18.3) | ||
| No. of cases/no. of women | 136/2021 | 237/4781 | 292/7120 | 409/10,294 | 483/11,123 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) | 0.72 (0.59–0.89) | 0.69 (0.56–0.84) | 0.67 (0.55–0.81) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | < 0.001 |
| Fruit fiber | < 2.6 (1.9) | 2.6–4.0 (3.3) | 4.1–5.3 (4.6) | 5.4–7.5 (6.2) | ≥ 7.6 (10.0) | ||
| No. of cases/no. of women | 591/8185 | 410/9148 | 259/8204 | 198/6414 | 99/3388 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.77–1.00) | 0.70 (0.60–0.81) | 0.68 (0.57–0.80) | 0.65 (0.52–0.81) | 0.90 (0.87–0.94) | < 0.001 |
| Vegetable fiber | < 2.2 (1.6) | 2.2–3.0 (2.6) | 3.1–3.9 (3.4) | 4.0–5.3 (4.4) | ≥ 5.4 (6.2) | ||
| No. of cases/no. of women | 679/13,492 | 378/9686 | 243/6339 | 171/3856 | 86/1966 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 1.04 (0.90–1.22) | 1.16 (0.97–1.38) | 1.03 (0.81–1.28) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 0.14 |
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
aLong-term consumption was calculated as a cumulative average of energy-adjusted dietary fiber intake from 1987 to 1997
bAdjusted for age (continuous), education (less than high school, high school, or university), BMI (< 18.5; 18.5–24.9; 25.0–29.9, or ≥ 30.0 kg/m2), walking or cycling (< 20, 20–60, > 60 min/day), smoking status and pack-years of smoking (never; past < 20, 20–39, or ≥ 40 pack-years; or current < 20, 20–39, or ≥ 40 pack-years), intake of energy (kcal/day, quintiles) and alcohol consumption (g/day, quintiles)