Table 4.
Hazard ratios (95% CIs) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by energy-adjusted long-term total dietary fiber intake (data from 1987 to 1997) stratified by smoking status in Swedish women, follow-up 2002–2014
| Long-term total dietary fiber intake, g/day (median)a | Long-term dietary fiber intake up to 25 g/daya | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 17.6 (16.1) | 17.6–20.5 (19.3) | 20.6–23.1 (21.8) | 23.2–26.4 (24.6) | ≥ 26.5 (28.6) | Per 1-g | P trend | |
| Current smokers | |||||||
| No. of cases/no. of women | 203/1259 | 221/1706 | 235/1770 | 174/1774 | 187/1449 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.67–0.99) | 0.81 (0.67–0.98) | 0.56 (0.46–0.69) | 0.74 (0.60–0.91) | 0.95 (0.93–0.98) | < 0.001 |
| Ex-smokers | |||||||
| No. of cases/no. of women | 46/796 | 55/1370 | 78/1823 | 73/2085 | 78/1920 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.48–1.06) | 0.78 (0.54–1.13) | 0.58 (0.40–0.84) | 0.64 (0.44–0.93) | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) | < 0.001 |
| Never smokers | |||||||
| No. of cases/no. of women | 16/1412 | 29/2957 | 48/4295 | 55/5356 | 42/4731 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)c | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.45–1.52) | 0.89 (0.51–1.58) | 0.79 (0.45–1.39) | 0.66 (0.37–1.19) | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | 0.39 |
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
aLong-term consumption was calculated as a cumulative average of energy-adjusted dietary fiber intake from 1987 to 1997
bAdjusted for age (continuous), education (less than high school, high school, or university), BMI (< 18.5; 18.5–24.9; 25.0–29.9, or ≥ 30.0 kg/m2), walking or cycling (< 20, 20–60, > 60 min/day), smoking status and pack-years of smoking (never; past < 20, 20–39, or ≥ 40 pack-years; or current < 20, 20–39, or ≥ 40 pack-years), intake of energy (kcal/day, quintiles) and alcohol consumption (g/day, quintiles)
cAdjusted as above with exception pack-years of smoking