Table 1.
Probiotic milk intake according to maternal characteristics, n = 57,134 women
| Probiotic milk consumption | p value1 | Mean (SD) daily probiotics intake among probiotics consumers, ml/day | p value1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No, number (%) | Yes, number (%) | ||||
| All | 36,233 (63.4) | 20,901 (36.6) | 123 (176) | ||
| Maternal age, years | |||||
| < 25 | 4190 (11.6) | 1830 (8.8) | < 0.001 | 111 (168) | < 0.001 |
| 25–29 | 12,278 (33.9) | 7193 (34.4) | 122 (174) | ||
| 30–34 | 15,478 (42.7) | 9217 (44.1) | 123 (175) | ||
| ≥ 35 | 4287 (11.8) | 2661 (12.7) | 135 (185) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | |||||
| < 18.5 | 1025 (2.8) | 582 (2.8) | < 0.001 | 129 (182) | 0.01 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 22,526 (62.2) | 14,572 (69.7) | 124 (174) | ||
| 25–29.9 | 8070 (22.3) | 3961 (19.0) | 122 (178) | ||
| ≥ 30 | 3686 (10.2) | 1339 (6.4) | 113 (171) | ||
| Missing | 926 (2.6) | 447 (2.1) | 128 (204) | ||
| Parity | |||||
| 0 | 17,061 (47.1) | 11,987 (57.4) | < 0.001 | 126 (178) | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 12,468 (34.4) | 5957 (28.5) | 117 (171) | ||
| 2 | 5398 (14.9) | 2436 (11.7) | 119 (173) | ||
| ≥ 3 | 1278 (3.5) | 506 (2.4) | 135 (196) | ||
| Missing | 28 (0.1) | 15 (0.1) | 71 (125) | ||
| Maternal education, years | |||||
| < 13 | 12,192 (33.6) | 4555 (21.8) | < 0.001 | 128 (186) | 0.01 |
| 13–16 | 15,250 (42.1) | 9146 (43.8) | 119 (174) | ||
| ≥ 16 | 8032 (22.2) | 6840 (32.7) | 123 (168) | ||
| Missing | 759 (2.1) | 360 (1.7) | 144 (226) | ||
| Family income > 300,000 NOK | |||||
| Neither partner | 10,678 (29.5) | 4756 (22.8) | < 0.001 | 115 (168) | < 0.001 |
| One partner | 15,308 (42.2) | 8379 (40.1) | 123 (172) | ||
| Both partners | 9287 (25.6) | 7298 (34.9) | 127 (181) | ||
| Missing | 960 (2.6) | 468 (2.2) | 138 (219) | ||
| Smoking in pregnancy | |||||
| Never | 32,802 (90.5) | 19,864 (95.0) | < 0.001 | 123 (176) | 0.002 |
| Occasionally | 1025 (2.8) | 401 (1.9) | 124 (166) | ||
| Daily | 2193 (6.1) | 540 (2.6) | 119 (177) | ||
| Missing | 213 (0.6) | 96 (0.5) | 109 (177) | ||
| Tertiles of daily energy intake | |||||
| 1st | 12,987 (35.8) | 6044 (28.9) | < 0.001 | 85 (107) | < 0.001 |
| 2nd | 11,948 (33.0) | 7111 (34.0) | 112 (144) | ||
| 3rd | 11,298 (31.2) | 7746 (37.1) | 161 (229) | ||
| Tertiles of daily fibre intake | |||||
| 1st | 13,388 (36.9) | 5607 (26.8) | < 0.001 | 96 (146) | < 0.001 |
| 2nd | 12,068 (33.3) | 7010 (33.5) | 117 (168) | ||
| 3rd | 10,777 (29.7) | 8281 (39.6) | 146 (196) | ||
| Tertiles of daily non-probiotic milk intake | |||||
| 1st | 11,610 (32.0) | 6695 (32.0) | 0.29 | 130 (187) | < 0.001 |
| 2nd | 13,121 (36.2) | 7453 (35.7) | 123 (161) | ||
| 3rd | 11,502 (31.7) | 6753 (32.3) | 115 (179) | ||
| Tertiles of daily non-probiotic yoghurt intake | |||||
| 1st | 13,958 (38.5) | 4967 (23.8) | < 0.001 | 120 (175) | < 0.001 |
| 2nd | 11,389 (31.4) | 8013 (38.3) | 105 (157) | ||
| 3rd | 10,886 (30.0) | 7921 (37.9) | 143 (191) | ||
| Caesarean section | |||||
| No | 31,497 (86.9) | 18,255 (87.3) | 0.16 | 122 (175) | 0.10 |
| Yes | 4736 (13.1) | 2646 (12.7) | 130 (181) | ||
| NICU admission | |||||
| no | 31,948 (88.2) | 18,134 (86.8) | < 0.001 | 123 (174) | 0.53 |
| yes | 4285 (11.8) | 2767 (13.2) | 122 (185) | ||
| Baby SGA | |||||
| No | 35,727 (98.6) | 20,593 (98.5) | 0.46 | 123 (175) | 0.50 |
| Yes | 506 (1.4) | 308 (1.5) | 141 (224) | ||
| Baby LGA | |||||
| No | 34,772 (96.0) | 20,234 (96.8) | < 0.001 | 123 (176) | 0.55 |
| Yes | 1461 (4.0) | 667 (3.2) | 120 (159) | ||
IQR interquartile range, SGA small for gestational age, according to Marsál, LGA large for gestational age, according to Marsál [24]
1p value according to Pearson’s chi-square test or two-sided Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate
2p value according to Kruskal–Wallis test