Table 2.
Baseline | Water restriction Day 1 |
Water restriction Day 2 |
Water restriction Day 3 |
Post-graded rehydration intervention | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total water intakea (mL day−1) | ||||||
CON | 3382 ± 1286 | 1750 ± 277 | 1743 ± 260 | 1779 ± 335 | 1726 ± 297* | |
G+0.50 | 3248 ± 941 | 1700 ± 345 | 1681 ± 300 | 1820 ± 419 | 2205 ± 342* | |
G+1.00 | 3376 ± 1183 | 1721 ± 331 | 1784 ± 416 | 1758 ± 248 | 2676 ± 336* | |
G+1.50 | 3684 ± 1621 | 1734 ± 465 | 1661 ± 315 | 1794 ± 490 | 3118 ± 291* | |
G+2.25 | 2930 ± 989 | 1667 ± 250 | 1692 ± 260 | 1666 ± 188 | 3807 ± 184* | |
Main effect of group | 0.426 | < 0.001 | ||||
Main effect of time | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Interaction group × time | 0.443 | < 0.001 | ||||
Body massb (kg) | ||||||
CON | 75.8 ± 18.1 | – | – | 75.8 ± 18.5 | 75.8 ± 18.2 | |
G+0.50 | 71.7 ± 15.0 | – | – | 71.1 ± 14.5 | 71.3 ± 14.6 | |
G+1.00 | 79.8 ± 14.6 | – | – | 79.4 ± 14.3 | 79.3 ± 14.6 | |
G+1.50 | 70.8 ± 11.7 | – | – | 70.4 ± 11.7 | 70.4 ± 11.8 | |
G+2.25 | 68.4 ± 14.3 | – | – | 67.8 ± 14.0 | 68.3 ± 14.3 | |
Main effect of group | 0.086 | 0.089 | ||||
Main effect of time | < 0.001 | 0.063 | ||||
Interaction group × time | 0.584 | 0.232 | ||||
Urine osmolality (mOsm kg−1) | ||||||
CON | 525 ± 291 | – | 810 ± 198 | 834 ± 223 | 873 ± 2263,4,5 | |
G+0.50 | 474 ± 218 | – | 729 ± 247 | 839 ± 222 | 704 ± 2544,5 | |
G+1.00 | 457 ± 205 | – | 700 ± 211 | 766 ± 255 | 613 ± 3151 | |
G+1.50 | 416 ± 226 | – | 783 ± 207 | 793 ± 240 | 502 ± 2501 | |
G+2.25 | 446 ± 219 | – | 769 ± 222 | 791 ± 268 | 452 ± 2841,2 | |
Main effect of group | 0.681 | 0.004 | ||||
Main effect of time | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Interaction group × time | 0.881 | < 0.001 | ||||
Urine color | ||||||
CON | 4 ± 1 | – | 5 ± 1 | 5 ± 1 | 6 ± 13,4,5 | |
G+0.50 | 3 ± 1 | – | 5 ± 1 | 5 ± 1 | 5 ± 15 | |
G+1.00 | 3 ± 1 | – | 5 ± 1 | 5 ± 1 | 4 ± 21,5 | |
G+1.50 | 4 ± 1 | – | 5 ± 1 | 6 ± 1 | 4 ± 21 | |
G+2.25 | 3 ± 1 | – | 5 ± 1 | 5 ± 1 | 3 ± 21,2,3 | |
Main effect of group | 0.495 | 0.001 | ||||
Main effect of time | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Interaction group × time | 0.836 | < 0.001 | ||||
Urine-specific gravity | ||||||
CON | 1.014 ± 0.007 | – | 1.021 ± 0.005 | 1.022 ± 0.006 | 1.023 ± 0.0064,5 | |
G+0.50 | 1.012 ± 0.005 | – | 1.019 ± 0.006 | 1.022 ± 0.006 | 1.019 ± 0.0065 | |
G+1.00 | 1.012 ± 0.005 | – | 1.019 ± 0.005 | 1.020 ± 0.006 | 1.016 ± 0.0071 | |
G+1.50 | 1.011 ± 0.006 | – | 1.021 ± 0.005 | 1.021 ± 0.006 | 1.014 ± 0.0071 | |
G+2.25 | 1.012 ± 0.006 | – | 1.020 ± 0.006 | 1.021 ± 0.005 | 1.011 ± 0.0081,2 | |
Main effect of group | 0.648 | 0.003 | ||||
Main effect of time | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Interaction group × time | 0.411 | < 0.001 |
All urinary measurements are from 24 h samples
1,2,3,4,5Wilcoxon rank sum post hoc test significantly different than CON, G+0.50, G+1.00, G+1.50, G+2.25, respectively
*Post hoc independent samples t test significantly different than all other groups at time point
aBaseline total water intake is average daily water intake over the 7 days of initial observation
bBody mass measurements occurred during the day. The body mass taken on the day of the graded rehydration intervention was only partially through the day; therefore, the body mass of the day after the graded rehydration intervention is reported here