Table 1.
Patient Characteristics by Latent Class
| Patient characteristics | Total (N = 2533) | Class 1 (N = 421) Most social risk factors |
Class 2 (N = 320) | Class 3 (N = 439) | Class 4 (N = 1353) Fewest social risk factors |
p value for t test for difference between class 1 and class 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Age | 66.1 (15.0) | 60.5 (15.1) | 62.9 (15.2) | 66.4 (15.1) | 68.5 (14.4) | p < 0.001 |
| Percent (N) | Gender | ||||||
| Male | 61 (1555) | 57 (242) | 51 (163) | 66 (289) | 64 (862) | p = 0.01 | |
| Female | 39 (978) | 43 (179) | 49 (157) | 34 (150) | 36 (491) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| Asian | 4.3 (110) | 4 (17) | 4 (13) | 6 (27) | 4 (52) | p = 0.79 | |
| Black | 20.9 (530) | 35 (148) | 26 (82) | 29 (126) | 13 (174) | p < 0.001 | |
| Hispanic | 26.3 (667) | 34 (145) | 35 (111) | 22 (97) | 23 (309) | p = 0.16 | |
| White | 46 (1153) | 24 (99) | 33 (105) | 39 (172) | 58 (782) | p < 0.001 | |
| Insurance | |||||||
| Medicaid only | 4(101) | 8.6 (36) | 7.8 (25) | 3.4 (15) | 1.8 (25) | p = 0.009 | |
| Medicare only | 58.3 (1476) | 48.0 (202) | 56.3 (180) | 56.7 (249) | 62.5 (845) | p < 0.001 | |
| Dual | 4.4 (111) | 8.3 (35) | 6.9 (22) | 4.8 (21) | 2.4 (33) | p < 0.001 | |
| Commercial | 33.4 (845) | 35.2 (148) | 29.1 (93) | 35.1 (154) | 33.3 (450) | p = 0.472 | |
| Percent (N) | Social risk by domain | ||||||
| Food insecurity | 27.5 (697) | 87.8 (370) | 0.8 (3) | 0.1 (0) | 0.9 (12) | p < 0.001 | |
| Healthy food | 28.6 (724) | 89.4 (376) | 80.6 (258) | 13.2 (58) | 1.9 (25) | p < 0.001 | |
| Homelessness/safe place | 8.9 (225) | 39.2 (165) | 6.0 (19) | 8.2 (36) | 0.3 (3) | p < 0.001 | |
| Housing conditions | 9.4 (238) | 32.0 (135) | 7.9 (25) | 14.2 (62) | 0.8 (11) | p < 0.001 | |
| Adult education | 4.6 (116) | 18.6 (78) | 2.4 (8) | 5.2 (23) | 0.5 (6) | p < 0.001 | |
| Transportation (medical) | 20.1 (508) | 48.2 (203) | 24.1 (77) | 34.6 (152) | 4.6 (63) | p < 0.001 | |
| Financial insecurity | 34.3 (870) | 97.6 (411) | 64.1 (205) | 46.0 (202) | 2.3 (31) | p < 0.001 | |
| Utility assistance | 22.6 (573) | 76.7 (323) | 33.4 (107) | 27.0 (119) | 1.0 (14) | p < 0.001 | |
| Public benefits | 10.4 (264) | 40.1 (169) | 7.7 (25) | 14.1 (62) | 0.3 (4) | p < 0.001 | |
| Financial counsel. | 7.4 (188) | 30.5 (128) | 1.9 (6) | 11.4 (50) | 0.0 (0) | p < 0.001 | |
| Financial assist—medical care | 19.3 (488) | 53.8 (226) | 34.2 (109) | 25.7 (113) | 2.1 (28) | p < 0.001 | |
| Health literacy* | 15.4 (389) | 36.4 (153) | 15.9 (51) | 21.1 (92) | 6.4 (87) | p < 0.001 | |
| Caregiver assistance** | 11.3 (285) | 17.9 (76) | 6.2 (20) | 21.3 (94) | 6.6 (90) | p < 0.001 | |
| Social isolation*** | 21.9 (554) | 54.7 (230) | 24.1 (77) | 34.9 (153) | 6.0 (81) | p < 0.001 | |
*Health literacy includes all positive responses: all, most, some
**Only 12% of pilot population identified as caregivers of an individual who is physically or mentally disabled
***Social isolation includes all positive responses: always, often, sometimes