Table 2.

Study and Intervention Characteristics

Study	Study design*	Quality assessment	Content focus	Intervention structure	Demand	Recipient	Framework (yes/no)
Aboumatar 201321	RCT*	2.45	Health literacy	Education and tool	Low	Provider and patient	No
Aiarzaguena 200722	RCT	3.00	Specific communication technique	Education, practice, and tool	Moderate	Provider	Yes
Ajam 2017(97)	RCT	3.00	Communication skills	Education and practice	High	Provider	Yes
Akturan 2017(98)	RCT	2.82	Psychological/therapeutic interview	Education and tool	Low	Provider	Yes
Alder 200725	RCT*	2.64	Communication skills	Education, practice, and tool	Moderate	Provider	No
Altiner 2007(99)	RCT	2.67	Health literacy	Practice	Not reported	Provider and patient	Yes
Au 201227	RCT	2.45	Specific communication technique	Tool	Low	Provider and patient	Yes
Aubin-Auger 201628	RCT*	2.36	Patient-centered care	Education and practice	Low	Provider	Yes
Bakker 200729	RCT	2.64	Specific communication technique	Education	High	Provider	No
Bashour 201330	RCT*	2.91	Communication skills	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider	No
Bellón 200831	RCT	2.55	Specific communication technique	Education, practice, and tool	Moderate	Provider	Yes
Bernhard 201232	RCT*	2.42	Specific communication technique	Education and practice	Low	Provider and patient	No
Bieber 200833	RCT*	2.55	Shared decision-making	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider and patient	Yes
Bieber 200634	RCT*	2.82	Shared decision-making	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider and patient	Yes
Bittner 201635	Controlled observational*	2.73	Specific communication technique	Practice	Low	Provider	No
Blatt 201036	RCT*	2.73	Specific communication technique	Instructions	Not reported	Provider	No
Blödt 201637	RCT*	2.55	Communication skills	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider	Yes
Boissy 201638	Controlled observational	2.33	Relationship	Education and practice	Low	Provider	Yes
Briel 2006(100)	RCT	2.73	Patient-centered care	Education and practice	Low	Provider	Yes
Brock 201140	RCT*	2.45	Specific communication technique	Education, practice, and tool	Low	Provider	No
Brown 199941	RCT*	2.67	Patient-centered care	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider	No
Brown 200042	Controlled observational*	2.00	Communication skills	Education and tool	Moderate	Provider	No
Cals 2011(101)	RCT	2.64	Communication skills	Education, practice, and tool	Low	Provider	Yes
Cals 2013(102)	RCT	2.82	Communication skills	Education, practice, and tool	Low	Provider	Yes
Cooper 201345	RCT*	2.55	Patient-centered care	Education and practice	Low	Provider and patient	No
Cooper, 201146	RCT*	2.36	Patient-centered care	Education and practice	Not reported	Provider and patient	Yes
Curtis 201347	RCT	2.64	Specific communication technique	Education, practice, and tool	Moderate	Provider	No
Daly 201048	Controlled observational*	2.56	Specific communication technique	Education and practice	Not reported	Provider and patient	No
Delvaux 200449	RCT*	2.82	Specific communication technique	Education and practice	High	Provider	No
DeMaria 201150	RCT	2.45	Psychological/therapeutic interview	Education, practice, and tool	Low	Provider	Yes
Dunn 201351	RCT	2.36	Mindfulness	Education, practice, and tool	High	Provider	No
Edgoose 201452	RCT	2.36	Patient-centered care	Instructions	Low	Provider	Yes
Edwards 200453	RCT*	2.45	Shared decision-making	Education and practice	Low	Provider	No
Epstein 201754	RCT*	2.64	Patient-centered care	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider and patient	Yes
Finnema 200555	RCT	2.64	Specific communication technique	Education and practice	High	Provider	Yes
Fujimori 201456	RCT*	2.64	Communication skills	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider	Yes
Fukui 201157	RCT*	2.64	Communication skills	Education, practice, and tool	Moderate	Provider	Yes
Fukui 200958	RCT*	3.00	Communication skills	Education, practice, and tool	High	Provider	Yes
Grepmair 200759	RCT	2.82	Mindfulness	Practice	High	Provider	No
Griffey 201560	RCT	1.82	Health literacy	Education and practice	Not reported	Provider	No
Harmsen 200561	RCT	2.45	Specific communication technique	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider and patient	Yes
Haskard 200862	RCT*	2.55	Communication skills	Education, practice, and tool	Moderate	Provider and patient	No
Heritage 200763	Controlled observational*	2.64	Specific communication technique	Education, instruction, and tool	Low	Provider	No
Hietanen 200764	RCT	2.73	Communication skills	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider	No
Jaffray 201465	RCT	2.45	Motivational interviewing	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider	No
Johnson 200866	RCT*	2.64	Communication skills	Instructions	Low	Provider	No
Jones 201667	RCT	2.55	Motivational interviewing	Education	Moderate	Provider and patient	Yes
Kim 201268	RCT*	2.45	Motivational interviewing	Education, instruction, and tool	Not reported	Provider	Yes
Kinmonth 199869	RCT	2.36	Patient-centered care	Education, practice, and tool	Moderate	Provider and patient	No
Langewitz 199870	RCT*	2.64	Patient-centered care	Education, practice, and tool	Moderate	Provider	Yes
Little 201571	RCT	2.45	Communication skills	Education and practice	Low	Provider	Yes
Loh 200772	RCT	2.73	Shared decision-making	Education, practice, and tool	High	Provider and patient	Yes
Lonsdale 201773	RCT	3.00	Communication skills	Education	Moderate	Provider	Yes
Luo 200774	RCT*	2.73	Relationship	Education and practice	Not reported	Provider	Yes
Maatouk-Bürmann 201675	RCT*	2.50	Communication skills	Education and practice	High	Provider	Yes
Manze 201576	RCT	2.82	Communication skills	Education, practice, and tool	Low	Provider and patient	Yes
Mercer 201677	RCT	2.64	Mindfulness	Education, practice, and tool	High	Provider and patient	Yes
Merckaert 201578	RCT	2.55	Communication skills	Education and practice	High	Provider	No
Middleton 200679	RCT	2.64	Specific communication technique	Education, practice, and tool	Low	Provider and patient	Yes
Moral 201580	RCT	2.42	Motivational interviewing	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider	Yes
Muñoz Alamo 200281	RCT	2.45	Patient-centered care	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider	Yes
Penner 201382	RCT	2.36	Patient-centered care	Instructions and tools	Low	Provider and patient	Yes
Pill 199883	RCT*	2.55	Patient-centered care	Education, practice, and tool	Moderate	Provider	Yes
Rakel 201184	RCT	2.73	Specific communication technique	Education, practice, and tool	Not reported	Provider and patient	Yes
Rask 200985	RCT	2.45	Communication skills	Education and practice	High	Provider	No
Roter 199886	Controlled observational*	2.50	Communication skills	Education, practice, and tool	Moderate	Provider	No
Smith 199887	RCT*	2.82	Motivational interviewing	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider	Yes
Song 201588	RCT*	2.64	Shared decision-making	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider	Yes
Stewart 200789	RCT*	2.27	Communication skills	Education and practice	Low	Provider	Yes
Swanson 199990	RCT	2.42	Motivational interviewing	Education, practice, and tool	Low	Provider	Yes
Thom 199991	RCT	2.45	Relationship	Education and practice	Low	Provider	Yes
Wolf 2008 (JNCQ)92	RCT	2.27	Patient-centered care	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider and patient	No
Wolf 2008 (JONA)93	RCT	2.36	Patient-centered care	Education and practice	Moderate	Provider and patient	Yes

*Indicates that direct observation was used to evaluate effects of the intervention