Table 2.
Study and Intervention Characteristics
| Study | Study design* | Quality assessment | Content focus | Intervention structure | Demand | Recipient | Framework (yes/no) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aboumatar 201321 | RCT* | 2.45 | Health literacy | Education and tool | Low | Provider and patient | No |
| Aiarzaguena 200722 | RCT | 3.00 | Specific communication technique | Education, practice, and tool | Moderate | Provider | Yes |
| Ajam 2017(97) | RCT | 3.00 | Communication skills | Education and practice | High | Provider | Yes |
| Akturan 2017(98) | RCT | 2.82 | Psychological/therapeutic interview | Education and tool | Low | Provider | Yes |
| Alder 200725 | RCT* | 2.64 | Communication skills | Education, practice, and tool | Moderate | Provider | No |
| Altiner 2007(99) | RCT | 2.67 | Health literacy | Practice | Not reported | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Au 201227 | RCT | 2.45 | Specific communication technique | Tool | Low | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Aubin-Auger 201628 | RCT* | 2.36 | Patient-centered care | Education and practice | Low | Provider | Yes |
| Bakker 200729 | RCT | 2.64 | Specific communication technique | Education | High | Provider | No |
| Bashour 201330 | RCT* | 2.91 | Communication skills | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider | No |
| Bellón 200831 | RCT | 2.55 | Specific communication technique | Education, practice, and tool | Moderate | Provider | Yes |
| Bernhard 201232 | RCT* | 2.42 | Specific communication technique | Education and practice | Low | Provider and patient | No |
| Bieber 200833 | RCT* | 2.55 | Shared decision-making | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Bieber 200634 | RCT* | 2.82 | Shared decision-making | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Bittner 201635 | Controlled observational* | 2.73 | Specific communication technique | Practice | Low | Provider | No |
| Blatt 201036 | RCT* | 2.73 | Specific communication technique | Instructions | Not reported | Provider | No |
| Blödt 201637 | RCT* | 2.55 | Communication skills | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider | Yes |
| Boissy 201638 | Controlled observational | 2.33 | Relationship | Education and practice | Low | Provider | Yes |
| Briel 2006(100) | RCT | 2.73 | Patient-centered care | Education and practice | Low | Provider | Yes |
| Brock 201140 | RCT* | 2.45 | Specific communication technique | Education, practice, and tool | Low | Provider | No |
| Brown 199941 | RCT* | 2.67 | Patient-centered care | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider | No |
| Brown 200042 | Controlled observational* | 2.00 | Communication skills | Education and tool | Moderate | Provider | No |
| Cals 2011(101) | RCT | 2.64 | Communication skills | Education, practice, and tool | Low | Provider | Yes |
| Cals 2013(102) | RCT | 2.82 | Communication skills | Education, practice, and tool | Low | Provider | Yes |
| Cooper 201345 | RCT* | 2.55 | Patient-centered care | Education and practice | Low | Provider and patient | No |
| Cooper, 201146 | RCT* | 2.36 | Patient-centered care | Education and practice | Not reported | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Curtis 201347 | RCT | 2.64 | Specific communication technique | Education, practice, and tool | Moderate | Provider | No |
| Daly 201048 | Controlled observational* | 2.56 | Specific communication technique | Education and practice | Not reported | Provider and patient | No |
| Delvaux 200449 | RCT* | 2.82 | Specific communication technique | Education and practice | High | Provider | No |
| DeMaria 201150 | RCT | 2.45 | Psychological/therapeutic interview | Education, practice, and tool | Low | Provider | Yes |
| Dunn 201351 | RCT | 2.36 | Mindfulness | Education, practice, and tool | High | Provider | No |
| Edgoose 201452 | RCT | 2.36 | Patient-centered care | Instructions | Low | Provider | Yes |
| Edwards 200453 | RCT* | 2.45 | Shared decision-making | Education and practice | Low | Provider | No |
| Epstein 201754 | RCT* | 2.64 | Patient-centered care | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Finnema 200555 | RCT | 2.64 | Specific communication technique | Education and practice | High | Provider | Yes |
| Fujimori 201456 | RCT* | 2.64 | Communication skills | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider | Yes |
| Fukui 201157 | RCT* | 2.64 | Communication skills | Education, practice, and tool | Moderate | Provider | Yes |
| Fukui 200958 | RCT* | 3.00 | Communication skills | Education, practice, and tool | High | Provider | Yes |
| Grepmair 200759 | RCT | 2.82 | Mindfulness | Practice | High | Provider | No |
| Griffey 201560 | RCT | 1.82 | Health literacy | Education and practice | Not reported | Provider | No |
| Harmsen 200561 | RCT | 2.45 | Specific communication technique | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Haskard 200862 | RCT* | 2.55 | Communication skills | Education, practice, and tool | Moderate | Provider and patient | No |
| Heritage 200763 | Controlled observational* | 2.64 | Specific communication technique | Education, instruction, and tool | Low | Provider | No |
| Hietanen 200764 | RCT | 2.73 | Communication skills | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider | No |
| Jaffray 201465 | RCT | 2.45 | Motivational interviewing | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider | No |
| Johnson 200866 | RCT* | 2.64 | Communication skills | Instructions | Low | Provider | No |
| Jones 201667 | RCT | 2.55 | Motivational interviewing | Education | Moderate | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Kim 201268 | RCT* | 2.45 | Motivational interviewing | Education, instruction, and tool | Not reported | Provider | Yes |
| Kinmonth 199869 | RCT | 2.36 | Patient-centered care | Education, practice, and tool | Moderate | Provider and patient | No |
| Langewitz 199870 | RCT* | 2.64 | Patient-centered care | Education, practice, and tool | Moderate | Provider | Yes |
| Little 201571 | RCT | 2.45 | Communication skills | Education and practice | Low | Provider | Yes |
| Loh 200772 | RCT | 2.73 | Shared decision-making | Education, practice, and tool | High | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Lonsdale 201773 | RCT | 3.00 | Communication skills | Education | Moderate | Provider | Yes |
| Luo 200774 | RCT* | 2.73 | Relationship | Education and practice | Not reported | Provider | Yes |
| Maatouk-Bürmann 201675 | RCT* | 2.50 | Communication skills | Education and practice | High | Provider | Yes |
| Manze 201576 | RCT | 2.82 | Communication skills | Education, practice, and tool | Low | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Mercer 201677 | RCT | 2.64 | Mindfulness | Education, practice, and tool | High | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Merckaert 201578 | RCT | 2.55 | Communication skills | Education and practice | High | Provider | No |
| Middleton 200679 | RCT | 2.64 | Specific communication technique | Education, practice, and tool | Low | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Moral 201580 | RCT | 2.42 | Motivational interviewing | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider | Yes |
| Muñoz Alamo 200281 | RCT | 2.45 | Patient-centered care | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider | Yes |
| Penner 201382 | RCT | 2.36 | Patient-centered care | Instructions and tools | Low | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Pill 199883 | RCT* | 2.55 | Patient-centered care | Education, practice, and tool | Moderate | Provider | Yes |
| Rakel 201184 | RCT | 2.73 | Specific communication technique | Education, practice, and tool | Not reported | Provider and patient | Yes |
| Rask 200985 | RCT | 2.45 | Communication skills | Education and practice | High | Provider | No |
| Roter 199886 | Controlled observational* | 2.50 | Communication skills | Education, practice, and tool | Moderate | Provider | No |
| Smith 199887 | RCT* | 2.82 | Motivational interviewing | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider | Yes |
| Song 201588 | RCT* | 2.64 | Shared decision-making | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider | Yes |
| Stewart 200789 | RCT* | 2.27 | Communication skills | Education and practice | Low | Provider | Yes |
| Swanson 199990 | RCT | 2.42 | Motivational interviewing | Education, practice, and tool | Low | Provider | Yes |
| Thom 199991 | RCT | 2.45 | Relationship | Education and practice | Low | Provider | Yes |
| Wolf 2008 (JNCQ)92 | RCT | 2.27 | Patient-centered care | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider and patient | No |
| Wolf 2008 (JONA)93 | RCT | 2.36 | Patient-centered care | Education and practice | Moderate | Provider and patient | Yes |
*Indicates that direct observation was used to evaluate effects of the intervention