Table 3.

Impact on the Quadruple Aim by Focus of the Intervention

Content focus	Studies with at least one positive outcome relevant to the quadruple aim
	Health outcomes	Patient experience	Provider experience	Cost-related outcomes	No significant improvement in outcomes for all investigated domains
Motivational interviewing	67, 80, 90	67, 68	87		65
Health literacy	26	21, 60	21
Relationship	74	38			91
Patient-centered care	28, 69, 81, 82	45, 46, 54, 69, 82, 83, 93	46, 52, 70		39, 41, 92
Communication skills	44, 56–58, 73	42, 56, 57, 62, 64, 66, 71, 73, 78, 86, 89	42, 56, 58, 62, 75, 78, 86, 89	23	25, 30, 37, 43, 76, 85
Shared decision-making		33, 34, 53, 72, 88
Specific communication technique	22, 31, 55	27, 35, 36, 49, 63, 79, 84	34, 40, 49,55, 79		29, 32, 47, 48, 61
Psychological/therapeutic interview		24, 50
Mindfulness	59, 77	51	51	77

*Detailed outcomes for each quadruple aim domain (including nonsignificant findings) are presented in Tables 15 and 16 in the Appendix