Table 1.
Descriptive and Statistical Test Results of Visibility, Staff Interviews, and Surveys
| Approach | Clinic A | Clinic S | Comparison between the two clinics (t test) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean difference (p value) | 95% CI [LL, UL]* | |||
| Workstation visibility | ||||
| Total number of workstations (N) | 20 | 52 | ||
| Mean number of visible other workstations | 5.7 | 27.5 | ||
| Mean ratio of workstation visibility | 28.6% | 53.0% | − 24.4 (p < 0.001†) | [− 35.3, − 13.5] |
| Interviews | ||||
| Participants | 11‡ | 25§ | ||
| Staff survey‖ | ||||
| Available staff members during the visits | 24 | 63 | ||
| Participants (N) | 20 | 37 | ||
| Response rate | 83% | 59% | ||
| Awareness (4 items): Mean (SD) | 4.15 (0.57) | 4.34 (0.59) | − 0.19 (p = 0.25) | [− 0.51, 0.14] |
| Communication concerns (4 items): Mean (SD) | 3.20 (0.84) | 2.29 (0.81) | 0.91 (p < 0.001) | [0.46, 1.37] |
* LL and UL indicate the lower-level limit and upper-level limit of a confidence interval, respectively
† The number of degrees of freedom was adjusted since Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances was statistically significant
‡ 3 providers, 2 licensed practical nurses, 1 registered nurse, 1 behavioral health specialist, 1 receptionist, 2 administrative staff, and 1 interpreter
§ 2 providers, 9 licensed practical nurses, 1 registered nurse, 2 care coordinators, 1 social worker, 1 behavioral health specialist, 2 administrative staff, 4 clinical assistants, 2 patient appointment coordinators, and 1 phone triage nurse
‖ Survey items used a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree). A higher score indicated better awareness and higher concerns for talking about patients