Table 3.

Summary of Design Strategies and Related Teamwork Aspects

Design categories	Clinics	Utilized design strategy	Related teamwork outcomes
Clinic layout and team area attributes
Team area locations in the clinic	Clinic A	Team area in the middle of the clinic, but visibility of overall clinic blocked by a huddle room in team area	• Staff members not knowing activities/instances occurring on the other side of the clinic from their workstations unless notified electronically or via alarm system
	Clinic S	Team area in the middle of the clinic, but clinic area not visible from workstations	• Staff members not knowing activities/instances occurring in clinic area from their workstations unless notified by other staff members
Team area and exam room relations	Clinic A	Close proximity with visual connections	• Staff at workstations easily aware of patients in exam rooms
	Clinic S	Separated, electronic system used	• Staff at workstations mostly used computers (room monitoring system) to be aware of patients in exam rooms
Team area visual exposure to patients	Clinic A	Exposed	• Moderate degree of communication privacy concerns (4-item staff survey, M = 3.20)
	Clinic S	Enclosed	• Staff less concerned about having patient-related communications (4-item staff survey, M = 2.29)
Internal layout of team areas
Visibility between staff workstations	Clinic A	Partially blocked by a huddle room in the middle (on average, 28.6% of workstations visible)	• Overall good awareness of team members (4-item staff survey, M = 4.15), but lack of awareness between staff members on the other side of the team area • Overall frequent staff face-to-face communication
	Clinic S	Workstations visually connected (on average, 53.0% of workstations visible), but LPN stations segregated	• Overall good awareness of team members (4-item staff survey, M = 4.34), but segregated LPNs less aware of other staff members • Overall frequent staff face-to-face communication
Distance between workstations	Clinic A	Pod (different role*) adjacency	• Higher ratio of observed different role* communication instances (e.g., LPN-Other roles = 77% vs. LPN-LPN = 23%)
	Clinic S	Role (same role*) adjacency	• Higher ratio of observed same role*communication instances (e.g., LPN-Other roles = 13% vs. LPN-LPN = 87%)
Functional paths	Clinic A	No same role* overlap	• No specific same role* communication observed in relation to functional paths
	Clinic S	Different role* overlap	• Provider-LPN communication observed near LPN stations (providers talking to LPNs on their way out to exam rooms or into their workstations)

* Same role: individuals with same roles (intra-role); different role: individuals with different roles (inter-role)