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. 2020 Jul 10;10:11462. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67314-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Box and whisker plots showing the patterns of relatedness within and between beluga whale group types and behaviors. The median (horizontal bar) not the mean was used as the central tendency. Boxes encompass the inter-quartile range (IQR) around the median, and the whiskers capture the range that is 1.5 times the IQR. Values outside this range were identified as outliers. (a) Observed pairwise r across group types; (b) observed r by behavioral category. Travel was assessed for all group types including adult–calf dyads (labelled ‘Travel’), as well as for all group types excluding the adult–calf dyads (labelled ‘Travel—no C–C’).