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. 2020 Jul 10;10:11409. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66128-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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VacA mosaicism differs significantly between Nigerian and South African H. pylori isolates. (a) vacA mosaicism of isolates obtained from Nigerian patients. (b) vacA mosaicism of isolates from South Africa. (c) Representation of vacA mosaicism of a sub-cohort of hpAfrica2 isolates from South Africa. (d) Depicted is the amino acid sequence in the mid-region of the isolate SA-401C and the m1-reference sequence of 60190 (red box) and the m2-reference sequence of B8 (blue box) demonstrating that SA-401C is a chimera. (e) Depicted is the extent of induced cell vacuoles in HeLa cells relative to H. pylori control strain 60190. Compared are 11 strains isolated from Europe with 6 isolates from Nigeria and 4 isolates from South Africa in three independent experiments. All isolates from Africa were of vacA subtype s1m1. P12, 60190 and P12∆vacA served as controls.