Table 1.

Summary of Study Variables

Variable	Mean	SD	Range
Primary care provider rate (1000 patients per provider)	2.94	1.95	0.86–20.32
Psychiatrist rate (1000 patients per provider)	17.36	11.23	2.93–77.11
Medicaid generosity (% of FPL)	0.94	0.53	0.16–2.15
Worker protections index (0–4)	1.80	1.27	0–4.00
Alcohol regulations (z-score)	0.18	1.37	− 6.01–1.95
Firearm policy count: mental illness/substance abuse	1.37	1.31	0–3.00
Firearm policy count: violent offenders	1.25	1.08	0–4.00
Poverty rate (%)	17.88	4.39	9.20–33.80
Hunting license rate (licenses per 1000 population)	0.20	0.21	0–1.27
Density (per 1000 county population)	1.11	2.37	0.01–17.22

This table provides summary statistics for analytic variables over the entire study period (2012–2016) among US states (N = 242). FPL, Federal Poverty Line. The alcohol regulations and worker index variables were derived from the Cato Institute Freedom in the 50 States dataset. The alcohol regulation variable (conceptualized by the Cato Institute as “alcohol freedom”) gives the percent contribution of a state’s overall alcohol-related laws to degree of personal freedom. This includes laws related to alcohol distribution control, off-premises sales in grocery stores, blue law index, spirits taxes, wine taxes, beer taxes, direct wine shipment bans, keg regulations or bans, happy hour bans, and mandatory server training. We standardized the alcohol freedom values for our analysis and conceptualized the variable in reverse, such that higher values indicate higher levels of alcohol regulation. The worker index variable counts whether or not a state’s minimum wage exceeded the federal minimum wage, the presence of a short-term disability insurance program, the presence of a right-to-work law (conceptualized for this analysis as non-protective of workers), and a mean cutoff for the worker compensation mandated coverage index. Our worker protections index was the sum of these four items, with higher scores indicating more worker protections