Table 4.

Main laboratory and clinical features of DIC, SIC and CAC

	OVERT DIC	SIC	CAC
Laboratory features
Platelet count	↓↓↓	↓↓	↔
APTT ratio	↑↑↑	↑	↔
PT ratio/INR	↑↑↑	↑↑	↔
Fibrinogen levels	↓↓↓	↓↓	↑↑↑
D-dimer levels	↑↑	↑↑	↑↑↑
Clinical features
Bleeding	Common, often serious	Sometimes present	Very rare
Microthrombosis	Present in initial phases, then coagulation factors consumption prevails	Present, leading to hypoxic organ dysfunction	Very pronounced, mainly in the pulmonary microcirculation
Organ involvement	Multi-organ failure	Multi-organ failure: respiratory, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal	Mainly pulmonary

DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, SIC sepsis-induced coagulopathy, CAC coronavirus-associated coagulopathy, APTT activated partial thromboplastin time