Table 1. Patient Characteristicsa.
| Characteristic | Total (N = 86 426) | Overall risk-standardized survival rate | P valueb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (n = 19 423) | Quartile 2 (n = 21 859) | Quartile 3 (n = 21 987) | Quartile 4 (n = 23 157) | |||
| Year of admission | <.001 | |||||
| 2015 | 19 272 (22.3) | 4716 (24.3) | 4738 (21.7) | 4528 (20.6) | 5290 (22.8) | |
| 2016 | 21 755 (25.2) | 4819 (24.8) | 5344 (24.4) | 5628 (25.6) | 5964 (25.8) | |
| 2017 | 23 364 (27.0) | 5194 (26.7) | 5696 (26.1) | 6102 (27.8) | 6372 (27.5) | |
| 2018 | 22 035 (25.5) | 4694 (24.2) | 6081 (27.8) | 5729 (26.1) | 5531 (23.9) | |
| Age at admission, y | <.001 | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 65.2 (15.5) | 65.6 (15.5) | 64.9 (15.5) | 65.0 (15.5) | 65.4 (15.3) | |
| Median (IQR) | 67.0 (56.0-76.0) | 67.0 (56.0-77.0) | 66.0 (56.0-76.0) | 66.0 (56.0- 76.0) | 67.0 (57.0-76.0) | |
| Sex | <.001 | |||||
| Male | 50 665 (58.6) | 11 160 (57.5) | 12 919 (59.1) | 12 864 (58.5) | 13 722 (59.3) | |
| Female | 35 761 (41.4) | 8263 (42.5) | 8940 (40.9) | 9123 (41.5) | 9435 (40.7) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <.001 | |||||
| White | 58 708 (67.9) | 10 902 (56.1) | 15 715 (71.9) | 14 963 (68.1) | 17 128 (74.0) | |
| Black | 19 734 (22.8) | 6067 (31.2) | 4311 (19.7) | 5019 (22.8) | 4337 (18.7) | |
| Other | 2271 (2.6) | 577 (3.0) | 553 (2.5) | 586 (2.7) | 555 (2.4) | |
| Unknown | 5713 (6.6) | 1877 (9.7) | 1280 (5.9) | 1419 (6.5) | 1137 (4.9) | |
| Initial rhythm during cardiac arrest | ||||||
| Asystole | 22 062 (25.5) | 5808 (29.9) | 5692 (26.0) | 5173 (23.5) | 5389 (23.3) | <.001 |
| Pulseless electrical activity | 49 749 (57.6) | 10 857 (55.9) | 12 322 (56.4) | 13 089 (59.5) | 13 481 (58.2) | |
| Ventricular fibrillation | 8137 (9.4) | 1628 (8.4) | 2059 (9.4) | 2142 (9.7) | 2308 (10.0) | |
| Pulseless ventricular tachycardia | 6478 (7.5) | 1130 (5.8) | 1786 (8.2) | 1583 (7.2) | 1979 (8.5) | |
| Unit location | <.001 | |||||
| Intensive care | 41 937 (48.5) | 9812 (50.5) | 10 683 (48.9) | 10 251 (46.6) | 11 191 (48.3) | |
| Monitored | 12 655 (14.6) | 2826 (14.5) | 3403 (15.6) | 2690 (12.2) | 3736 (16.1) | |
| Nonmonitored | 12 820 (14.8) | 2851 (14.7) | 2856 (13.1) | 4072 (18.5) | 3041 (13.1) | |
| Emergency department | 10 776 (12.5) | 2450 (12.6) | 2915 (13.3) | 2836 (12.9) | 2575 (11.1) | |
| Procedural | 6701 (7.8) | 1114 (5.7) | 1659 (7.6) | 1749 (8.0) | 2179 (9.4) | |
| Other | 1537 (1.8) | 370 (1.9) | 343 (1.6) | 389 (1.8) | 435 (1.9) | |
| Time of cardiac arrest | .06 | |||||
| Weekday | 43 859 (51.1) | 9704 (50.3) | 11 081 (51.0) | 11 192 (51.3) | 11 882 (51.7) | |
| Weeknight | 15 300 (17.8) | 3555 (18.4) | 3816 (17.6) | 3891 (17.8) | 4038 (17.6) | |
| Weekend | 26 652 (31.1) | 6047 (31.3) | 6811 (31.4) | 6737 (30.9) | 7057 (30.7) | |
| Missing | 615 | 117 | 151 | 167 | 180 | |
| Preexisting condition | ||||||
| Current heart failure | 12 748 (14.8) | 2438 (12.6) | 3074 (14.1) | 3145 (14.3) | 4091 (17.7) | <.001 |
| Prior heart failure | 19 757 (22.9) | 4062 (20.9) | 4659 (21.3) | 4950 (22.5) | 6086 (26.3) | <.001 |
| Current myocardial infarction | 12 573 (14.5) | 2515 (12.9) | 2946 (13.5) | 3251 (14.8) | 3861 (16.7) | <.001 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 11 862 (13.7) | 2288 (11.8) | 2577 (11.8) | 3064 (13.9) | 3933 (17.0) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 30 034 (34.8) | 6638 (34.2) | 7546 (34.5) | 7537 (34.3) | 8313 (35.9) | <.001 |
| Renal insufficiency | 31 694 (36.7) | 7128 (36.7) | 7752 (35.5) | 7958 (36.2) | 8856 (38.2) | <.001 |
| Hepatic insufficiency | 7591 (8.8) | 1345 (6.9) | 1888 (8.6) | 1970 (9.0) | 2388 (10.3) | <.001 |
| Respiratory insufficiency | 41 341 (47.8) | 8264 (42.5) | 9785 (44.8) | 10 786 (49.1) | 12 506 (54.0) | <.001 |
| Baseline CNS depression | 6380 (7.4) | 1313 (6.8) | 1393 (6.4) | 1689 (7.7) | 1985 (8.6) | <.001 |
| Acute stroke | 3499 (4.0) | 783 (4.0) | 907 (4.1) | 776 (3.5) | 1033 (4.5) | <.001 |
| Acute nonstroke CNS event | 7167 (8.3) | 846 (4.4) | 1934 (8.8) | 2025 (9.2) | 2362 (10.2) | <.001 |
| Pneumonia | 12 330 (14.3) | 2614 (13.5) | 2956 (13.5) | 3325 (15.1) | 3435 (14.8) | <.001 |
| Hypotension | 23 913 (27.7) | 3509 (18.1) | 5584 (25.5) | 6634 (30.2) | 8186 (35.4) | <.001 |
| Septicemia | 14 560 (16.8) | 3139 (16.2) | 3568 (16.3) | 3690 (16.8) | 4163 (18.0) | <.001 |
| Major trauma | 4332 (5.0) | 743 (3.8) | 1159 (5.3) | 1018 (4.6) | 1412 (6.1) | <.001 |
| Metabolic or electrolyte abnormality | 21 673 (25.1) | 3692 (19.0) | 4912 (22.5) | 5263 (23.9) | 7806 (33.7) | <.001 |
| Metastatic or hematologic cancer | 9220 (10.7) | 1733 (8.9) | 2226 (10.2) | 2449 (11.1) | 2812 (12.1) | <.001 |
| Interventions in place | ||||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 36 134 (41.8) | 8087 (41.6) | 9160 (41.9) | 8989 (40.9) | 9898 (42.7) | <.001 |
| Vasoactive agent | 22 620 (26.2) | 4451 (22.9) | 5743 (26.3) | 5716 (26.0) | 6710 (29.0) | <.001 |
| Dialysis | 2608 (3.0) | 434 (2.2) | 519 (2.4) | 511 (2.3) | 1144 (4.9) | <.001 |
| Intraarterial catheter | 9400 (10.9) | 1267 (6.5) | 1845 (8.4) | 2384 (10.8) | 3904 (16.9) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: CNS, central nervous system; IQR, interquartile range.
a
Data are presented as number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated.
b
Continuous variables were compared using 1-way analysis of variance. Categorical variables were compared using χ2 or Fisher exact test.