Figure 2.

Mechanisms of action of B. infantis: (A) B. infantis is equipped in “enzymatic machinery” to metabolize HMO, allowing increased colonization and fewer luminal pathogens via competitive advantage; (B) B. infantis produces exogenous substances that promote maturation of the immature innate immune response in breastfed infants; (C) B. infantis has anti-inflammatory properties benefiting the epithelial layer in the gut; (D) B. infantis reduces intestinal permeability and helps with “leaky gut”; and (E) B. infantis produces SCFA (particularly acetate) which have a beneficial effect on the host.