3NT	3-nitrotyrosine
4-HNE	4-hydroxynonenal
8-oxoG	8-hydroxyguanosine
Aβ	amyloid beta peptide
ACE2	angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
BBB	blood–brain barrier
CD68	cluster of differentiation 68—also macrosialin
CI	confidence interval
CNS	central nervous system
COVID-19	coronavirus disease 2019
COX-2	inducible cyclooxygenase (isoform 2)
DEP	diesel exhaust particles
EC	elemental or black carbon
γ-H2AX	H2A histone family member X
GBD	Global Burden of Disease
GEMM	Global Exposure-Mortality Model
gp91phox	catalytic subunit of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase (isoform 2)—also NOX-2
H3K9me2/me3	histone 3 lysine 9 di- and trimethylation (epigenetic marks)
HR	hazard ratio
ICAM-1	intercellular adhesion molecule 1
INF-γ	interferon gamma
IHME	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
IL-1β	interleukin-1β
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
IQR	interquartile range
Ly6g	lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein-1—also CCL2
MyD88	myeloid differentiation primary response 88 protein
NFκB	nuclear factor ‘kappa-light- chain-enhancer’ of activated B-cells
NOx	oxides of nitrogen
NOX-2	catalytic subunit of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase (isoform 2)—also gp91phox
OC	organic carbon
OR	odds ratio
oxLDL	oxidized low density lipoprotein
p47phox	regulatory subunit of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase (isoform 2)
PAHs	polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PCBs	polychlorinated biphenyls
PM0.1	particulate matter < 0.1 µm (ultrafine particles)
PM2.5	particulate matter < 2.5 µm (fine particles)
PM10	particulate matter with a diameter between 2.5 and 10 µm (coarse particles)
RANTES	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5—also CCL5
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RR	relative risk
SARS-CoV-2	severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
SNS	sympathetic nervous system
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNFα	tumor necrosis factor alpha
TNFR2	tumor necrosis factor receptor type 2
UK	United Kingdom
US	United States
VOCs	volatile organic compounds
WHO	World Health Organization