Effect of the EPI-iPSC cell line on the odontogenic differentiation and mineralization of hdDPSC. EPI-iPSC and hdDPSC were co-cultured with or without a differentiation medium. The hdDPSC and EPI-iPSC alone group was analyzed as a control group. (a) Expression of ameloblast markers (Amelogenin, Enamelin, and KLK4) and odontoblast markers (Runx2, BSP, OCN, DMP1, MEPE, Col1A1, and DSPP) was analyzed by real-time PCR after eight days in culture. (b) Expression patterns of dentin sialoprotein (DSPP) were evaluated by a western blot after 12 days in culture. (c) Mineralized nodule formation of co-culture with EPI-iPSC and hdDPSC in vitro was evaluated by Alizarin red S staining on days 12, 16, and 20. Data are presented as the mean ± SD, n > 3 per group. a,b,* p < 0.05. N/D: Not detected.