Down-regulation of REST inhibited tumor growth. (A) Totals of 5 × 105 TC71 parental, RC-control, R1106, or R1606 cells were injected into the tibias of nude mice (10 mice per group). Tumor size was measured 4 weeks later, and the average tumor volume was calculated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant difference in tumor volume among groups (p = 0.001) or between groups (* p < 0.05). (B) Immunofluorescence staining for REST expression in the different tumor tissues confirmed that REST was down-regulated in the R1106 and R1606 tumor samples. Scale bar: 50 µm. (C) The Ki67 cell proliferation marker was used to assess cell proliferation. Ki67 expression was quantified in the different tumor samples by PCI software. Ki67 expression was not significantly different in the R1106 and R1606 tumor tissues compared with the RC-control tumors. (D) Leg amputations were performed at 4 weeks after tumor cell intra-tibial injection, and mice were maintained until 15 weeks after injection, when mice were killed, lungs were harvested, and visible lung tumor nodules were recorded. One-way ANOVA analysis of variance showed a significant difference in lung metastasis among groups (p = 0.0197) or between groups (* p < 0.05).