Table 1.
Published in vitro and in vivo cancer treatment studies involving 2D theranostic nanomaterials.
| 2D Nanomaterials, Dimensions, and Their Nanocomposites | Theranostic Effects | In Vitro Cell Line/ In Vivo Animal Model, the Concentration of Nanocomposite and Biological Parameters | Biological Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti3C2 NSs (PS = 227 nm, LT = 2.8 nm); MnOx (LS = 15.5 nm, LT = 1.5 nm); MnOx/ Ti3C2-SP | pH-responsive T1-weighted MR imaging, PA imaging, and NIR- triggered PTT | 4T1 cells; 10–160 μg/mL; Irradiation by NIR laser (808 nm, 5 min, 1.5 W/cm2) | (a) T1-weighted MR imaging revealed a concentration-dependent brightening effect and enhanced positive MRI signals in acidic conditions. (b) Efficient endocytosis into cancer cells occurred due to the smaller planar size of the composite. (c) High photothermal conversion ability elevated the intracellular temperature to ablate the cancer cells. |
Dai et al., 2017 [81] |
| Male BALB/c nude mice bearing 4T1 tumor; 4 groups, intravenous injection, 20 mg/kg of BW; Irradiation (808 nm, 10 min, 1.5 W/cm2) | A high tumor-suppressing effect was observed due to the increase in temperature from 25 °C to 60 °C under the laser irradiation. | |||
| Ti3C2 (PS = 100 nm, ZP = −23.18 mV); hyaluronic acid capped Ti3C2-DOX | PTT, PDT, and drug delivery | HCT-116 cells; 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL of Ti3C2 and 0, 5.25, 10.5, 21, 42, and 84 μg/mL of DOX; Irradiation (808 nm, 10 min, 0.8 W/cm2) | Low dark toxicity and a dose-dependent photothermal killing efficiency have been observed. | Liu et al., 2017 [95] |
| Athymic nude mice bearing HCT-116 tumor; 5 groups, intravenous injection, Ti3C2-DOX (DOX dose: 1.6 mg/kg of BW and Ti3C2 dose: 2.0 mg/kg of BW); Irradiation (808 nm, 10 min, 0.8 W/cm2) | (a) An intense fluorescent signal of DOX was detected in the tumor site of Ti3C2-DOX injected mice, while a much lesser signal was detected in the liver and kidney. (b) Due to the accumulation of Ti3C2-DOX into the tumor, the rise in temperature was from 34.0 °C to 53.1 °C. |
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| Ti3C2 (PS = 120 nm, LT = 0.9 nm); DOX@Ti3C2-SP (ZP = −28.9 mV, DH = 164.2 nm) | PTT and pH-responsive drug delivery | 4T1 cells; 0, 38, 75, 150, 300 and 600 μg/mL; Irradiation (808 nm, 1.5 W/cm2, 5 min) | (a) DOX@Ti3C2-SP+laser showed a higher killing effect compared to Ti3C2-SP+laser, DOX@Ti3C2-SP, DOX only, laser only, and control. (b) At 300 μg/mL of the nanocomposite, the temperature in the tumor microenvironment increased up to 52 °C. (c) Upon irradiation, DOX releasing percentage from the nanocarrier at pH 4.5 (81.5%) was larger than that from the carrier at pH 6.0 (51.5%) and 7.4 (33.2%). |
Han et al., 2018 [28] |
| 4T1 breast tumor-bearing female BALB/c nude mice; 5 groups, 15 mg/kg (BW), intravenous injection; Irradiation (808 nm, 1.5 W/cm2, 10 min) | (a) The modified Ti3C2 effectively resided into tumor tissue through the EPR effect with the accumulation ratio of 2.0 % at the initial stage (4 h) and 3.6% with the prolonged duration (24 h). (b) The temperature was induced by irradiation to 68.5 °C, which is enough to ablate the tumor. (c) DOX@Ti3C2-SP+laser achieved a complete tumor eradication without re-occurrence, while other groups had a remaining volume of cancer. |
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| Ti3C2 (PS = 200 nm, LT = 2 nm); Ti3C2@Au-PEG | PTT/RT and PA/CT dual-modal imaging | 4T1 cells; 50 μg/mL; Irradiation (PTT—1064 nm, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.75 W/cm2, 5 min; CT-X-ray- 6 Gy) |
(a) 4T1 cells treated with Ti3C2@Au-PEG+laser showed an effective ablation of tumor cells than Ti3C2-PVP nanosheets, comparatively. (b) Upon irradiation, the temperature in solution was enhanced by 36.4 °C within 5 min. |
Tang et al., 2019 [96] |
| Female BALB/c mice bearing 4T1 tumor; 6 groups, intravenous injection, 20 mg/kg (BW); Irradiation (PTT—1064 nm, 0.75 W/cm2, 10 min; CT- 6 Gy) | (a) Mild PTT could overcome tumor hypoxia by increasing blood flow in the blood vessels. (b) PTT+X-ray therapy healed the tumor with significant inhibition efficiency than PTT therapy alone. |
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| Nb2C; CTAC@Nb2C-MSN-PEG-RGD (DH = 220.2 nm) |
PTT/PA and RGD targeted drug-delivery | U87 cells; 31, 61.5, 125, 250, and 500 μg/mL; Irradiation (1064 nm, 1.5 W/cm2, 5 min) |
(a) CTAC@Nb2C-MSN-PEG-RGD+laser induced cancer cell apoptosis and death significantly higher than CTAC@Nb2C-MSN-PEG-RGD without laser. (b) The photothermal conversion efficiency of the nanocomposite was 28.6%. (c) The increase in temperature was from 30 °C to 65 °C at 500 μg/mL. |
Han et al., 2018 [97] |
| U87 tumor-bearing female nude mice; 4 groups, intravenous injection, 15 mg/kg (BW); Irradiation (1064 nm, 1.5 W/cm2, 10 min) | (a) The nanocomposite accumulated into the tumor site via RGD recognition with targeting efficacies of 5.47%, 9.57%, and 5.75% at 2 h, 4 h, and 24 h of post-intravenous injection, respectively. (b) The surface tumor temperature induced by irradiation reached 52.3 °C at 10 min. (c) CTAC@Nb2C-MSN-PEG-RGD+laser showed significantly higher tumor inhibition efficiency (92.37%) than CTAC@Nb2C-MSN-PEG-RGD without laser (35.96%). |
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| Nb2C (PS = 150 nm, LT = 0.3–0.8 nm); Nb2C-PVP | PTT (NIR-I and NIR-II biowindows) and PA | 4T1 or U87 cancer cells; 100 μg/mL; Irradiation (NIR I—808 nm, NIR II—1064 nm, 0.5–2.0 W/cm2, 5 min) |
(a) At 40 μg/mL of Nb2C exposure, the temperature of the solution increased up to 60 °C at 1.5 W/cm2. (b) Cell death increased depending on laser density. |
Lin et al., 2017 [32] |
| Female Kunming mice bearing 4T1 tumor. 4 groups, intravenous injection, 20 mg/kg; Irradiation (NIR I—808 nm, 10 min; NIR-II—1064 nm, 10 min) | The tumor-site temperature in mice treated with the nanocomposite increased from 30 °C to 61 °C for NIR I and from 30 °C to 65 °C for NIR II. | |||
| TiS2 (PS = 100 nm); TiS2-PEG | PTT (NIR-I or NIR-II) and PA imaging | 4T1 cells; 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL; Irradiation by NIR laser (808 nm, 0.8 W/cm2, 5 min) |
The concentration-dependent cell-killing effect was observed by the influence of TiS2-PEG nanosheets under irradiation. | Qian et al., 2015 [37] |
| Female BALB/c mice bearing 4T1 tumor; 4 groups, intravenous injection, 20 mg/kg; Irradiation (808 nm, 0.8 W/cm2, 5 min) | The tumor in the mice group (TiS2-PEG+laser irradiation) was completely ablated, and no regrowth was observed. Tumor in control groups showed rapid growth after treatment. | |||
| MoS2 (LT = 0.8–1.0 nm); MoS2-CS-DOX | PTT, IR thermal imaging, CT signaling, and drug delivery | KB and Panc-1 cells; 0–100 μg/mL; Irradiation (808 nm, 1.0 W/cm2, 8 min) |
The combination of hyperthermia and chemotherapy effectively released DOX into the cells facilitating cell-killing ability. | Yin et al., 2014 [98] |
| Male BALB/c nude mice bearing Panc-1 cells; 5 groups, intratumor injection, 2.0 mg/kg; Irradiation (PTT—808 nm, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 W/cm2, 7 min; CT X-ray- 0–40 mg/mL of MoS2-CS, 70 kV and 100 μA) | The temperature of the tumors on the MoS2-CS-DOX injected mice rapidly elevated by ΔT = 22.5 °C to kill the cancer tumor. | |||
| MoSe2; MoSe2 (Gd3+-3), PS = 100–150 nm, LT = 1.8 nm); MoSe2(Gd3+-3)-PEG | MR/PA bimodal imaging and PTT | Hep G2 cells; 0–15 μg/mL; Irradiation (808 nm, 2.0 W/cm2, 5 min) |
Upon irradiation, the temperature of deionized water was elevated by 2.9 °C whereas the solution of MoSe2(Gd3+-3)-PEG was increased by >30 °C | Pan et al., 2018 [78] |
| Hep G2 tumor-bearing BALB/c nude mice; 4 groups, intravenous injection, 1.0 mg/kg; Irradiation (808 nm, 2 W/cm2, 5 min) | (a) The measurement of Mo4+ concentration in tissue lysate using ICP-AES revealed that PEG coating in MoSe2(Gd3+)-PEG nanocomposite treated mice led to the superior tumor accumulation and prolonged blood circulation. (b) The theranostic effects of the nanocomposite caused the ablation of tumors leaving black scar only at the tumor site at 14 days of post-treatment. |
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| Bi2Te3; BSA-Bi2Te3, PS = 100 nm, LT = 15 nm; BSA-Bi2Te3/MB NSs. | PDT/PTT | HeLa; BSA-Bi2Te3/MB NSs (200 μg/mL of BSA-Bi2Te3 and 10 μg/mL of MB); Irradiation (PDT—650 nm, 50 mW/cm2, 15 min; PTT—808 nm, 2.0 W/cm2, 5 min) | Intracellular ROS was produced largely inside the cancer cells under irradiation by the combination therapy. | Bai et al., 2018 [38] |
| U14 tumor-bearing Kunming female mice; 5 groups, intravenous injection, 200 μL of BSA-Bi2Te3 (200 μg/mL) and MB (10 μg/mL); Irradiation (PDT—650 nm, 50 mW/cm2, 15 min; PTT—808 nm, 2.0 W/cm2, 10 min) |
The tumors in mice of BSA- Bi2Te3/MB group were eliminated without recurrence after 15 days of treatment. | |||
| NGO (PS = 100–500 nm, LT = 1 nm); PEG-BPEI- functionalized, IR-808-conjugated NGO sheets (NGO-808) |
PDT/PTT | A549 and Lewis lung cancer cells; NGO-PEG-BPEI (0–30 μg/mL), IR-808 (0–10 μM) and NGO-808 (0–10 μM); Irradiation (808 nm, 2 W/cm2, 5 min) |
(a) The dual functionalization (PEG-BPEI) had promoted a higher cellular uptake of NGO-808. (b) Generation of singlet oxygen is higher in NGO-808 treated cells than that in NGO-PEG-BPEI and blank PBS. |
Luo et al., 2016 [43] |
| A549 or Lewis tumor-bearing C57BL/6 athymic male nude mice; 6 groups, intravenous injection, 10 mg/kg of NGO-808, 2 mg/kg of IR-808, and 8 mg/kg of NGO-PEG-BPEI; Irradiation (808 nm, 1 W/cm2, 5 min) |
(a) NIR fluorescence imaging enabled tumors to be visualized at 48 h of post-intravenous injection. (b) The surface temperature of cancer in NGO-808+NIR treated mice was increased to 59–62 °C, which was enough to ablate malignant cells. |
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| NGO (size = 38.4 ± 3.1 nm, ZP = −54.9 ± 7.1 nm); Pluronic F127- NGO-MB | PDT/PTT, IR thermal imaging and pH-dependent drug release | NIH-3T3 and HeLa cells; Pluronic F127- NGO-MB (10 μg/mL of NGO and 2 μg/mL of MB); Irradiation (PDT—655 nm, 150 mW/cm2, 3 min; PTT—808 nm, 2 W/cm2, 3 min) |
(a) The temperature level of solution arose rapidly from 28.5 °C to 45.5 °C at 3 min of irradiation. (b) Higher cellular uptake and rapid release of MB from the nanocomposite inside the cells resulted in an enhanced therapeutic effect. |
Sahu et al., 2013 [99] |
| HeLa tumor-bearing athymic male nude mice; 4 groups, intravenous injection, 10 mg/kg of NGO and 2 mg/kg of MB; Irradiation (PDT—650 nm, 150 mW/cm2, 10 min; PTT—808 nm, 2 W/cm2, 3 min) | In Pluronic F127- NGO-MB mice group, dual therapy (PDT-PTT) caused a complete ablation of tumor tissues at 15 days of post-treatment. | |||
| NGO (PS of PEG-NGO = 900 nm, LT = 4 nm); PEG-NGO-C225/EPI |
PTT and tumor-targeted chemotherapy | U87 cells; 0–25 μg/mL of EPI in nanocomposite; Irradiation (808 nm, 2 W/cm2, 2 min) |
(a) The nanocomposite elevated the temperature of the solution from 36 °C to 94 °C. (b) Breakage in double-strands of DNA occurred in tumor cells at about 70 °C. |
Yang et al., 2013 [100] |
| U87 tumor-bearing mice; 5 groups, intravenous injection, 6 mg/kg; Irradiation (808 nm, 2 W/cm2, 2 min) | A total tumor ablation was achieved in PEG-NGO-C225/EPI+NIR treated mice group in 10 days of treatment. | |||
| NGO (size = 200–600 nm); GO-IONP-Au-PEG | MR, X-ray, IR thermal imaging and magnetically assisted PTT | 4T1 cells; 10 μg/mL of GO in nanocomposite; Magnetic field under the center of cell culture dish for 2 h followed by NIR irradiation (808 nm, 1 or 2 W/cm2, 5 min) | Fluorescence images revealed that the cells near the magnet were effectively killed, while those far from the magnetic field were not affected. | Shi et al., 2013 [101] |
| Female 4T1 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice; 3 groups, intratumoral injection, 50 μg/mL of GO in nanocomposite; Irradiation (808 nm, 0.75 W/cm2, 5 min) | (a) During irradiation, the GO-IONP-Au-PEG treated mice group witnessed an increase in temperature up to 55 °C, whereas GO-PEG or PBS showed up to 45 °C and 38 °C, respectively. (b) Effective ablation of the tumor was observed at 6 days of post-treatment. |
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| NGO (PS of NGO-PEG = 14 nm, LT = 1.30 ± 0.55 nm); NGO-PEG-DVDMS |
PDT/PTT, fluorescence, PA, and IR thermal imaging | PC9 cells; NGO-PEG-DVDMS aqueous solution (1 μg/mL of NGO-PEG and 2 μg/mL of DVDMS); Irradiation (PDT—630 nm, 5 J; PTT—808 nm, 1 W/cm2, 5 min) | NGO-PEG-DVDMS showed a high photothermal conversion effect with a temperature point reaching up to 60.2 °C, which was significantly higher than that of NGO-PEG (49.1 °C). | Yan et al., 2015 [79] |
| PC9 tumor-bearing athymic nude mice; 4 groups, intravenous injection, 200 μL of GO-PEG-DVDMS (1.0 mg/kg of GO-PEG); Irradiation (PDT—630 nm, 50 J; PTT—808 nm, 1 W/cm2, 10 min) | The tumor temperature in GO-PEG-DVDMS treated mice increased up to 57 °C to eradicate the tumor cells. | |||
| NGO (PS of NGO- PEG = <50 nm, LT = 1.5 nm); NGO-PEG-HPPH | PDT, fluorescence, and PET imaging | 4T1 cells; 0.49 μg/mL; Irradiation (PDT—671 nm, 2–8 W/cm2, 3 min) | Cells treated with GO-PEG-HHPH exhibited a stronger fluorescence intensity and presented a higher cell death than those treated with free HPPH. | Rong et al., 2014 [102] |
| 4T1 tumor-bearing athymic nude mice; 6 groups, intravenous injection, 200 μL of GO-PEG-HPPH (1.0 mg/kg of HPPH and 0.77 mg/kg of GO-PET); Irradiation (671 nm, 75 mW/cm2, 20 min) | High tumor selectivity was observed in GO-PEG-HPPH treated mice, which was inferred from vigorous fluorescence intensity within tumor tissue rather than the liver and spleen. | |||
| NGO (PS of PEG-NGO = 100 nm); NGO-UCNP-Ce6 |
PDT/PTT, UCL, and IR thermal imaging | HeLa cells; 25–800 μg/mL; Irradiation (808 nm, 0.72 W/cm2) | (a) When exposed to a laser, the NUC presented significant dark toxicity to HeLa cells at a concentration of 800 μg/mL. | Gulzar et al., 2018 [42] |
| U14 tumor-bearing mice; 4 groups, intravenous injection; Irradiation (808 nm, 10 min) | (a) No abnormal decrease in body weight with a prolonged time. (b) Due to the combination of PTT and PDT treatment, the tumor in NGO-UCNP-Ce6 treated mice displayed an exceptional reduction in size. |
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| MnO2 nanosheets (DH = 80 nm); Ce6@MnO2-PEG | PDT and T1-MRI | 4T1 cells; Ce6@ MnO2-PEG (0–6 μM of Ce6 and 0, 7.5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 μM of MnO2); Irradiation (660 nm, 5 mW/cm2, 30 min) | Cell killing efficiency of nanocomposite was found relatively higher in the N2 atmosphere than that in the O2 atmosphere. | Zhu et al., 2016 [103] |
| 4T1 tumor-bearing BALB/c female nude mice; 4 groups, intravenous injection, Ce6@ MnO2-PEG (1 mg/mL of MnO2 and 0.45 mg/mL of Ce6); Irradiation (661 nm, 5 mW/cm2, 1 h) |
The mice treated with the nanocomposite showed a significantly decreased tumor hypoxia, which led to effective PDT therapy. | |||
| MnO2 nanosheets (LT = 2 nm, PS = 255 nm); MnO2-SPs | PTT, T1-MRI, and pH sensitive drug release | 4T1 cells; (0, 37.5, 75, 150, 300, and 600 μg/mL); Irradiation (808 nm, 1.5 W/cm2, 5 min) | Confocal laser scanning microscope image observations showed a strong red fluorescence indicating a significant cell death in MnO2-SPs+laser group. | Liu et al., 2018 [51] |
| 4T1 tumor-bearing BALB/c female nude mice; 4 groups, intravenous injection, 100 μL of MnO2-SPs (600 μg/mL); Irradiation (808 nm, 1.5 W/cm2, 5 min) | The tumor surface temperature of the MnO2-SPs+laser group elevated from 37 °C to 57 °C, while the heat of the laser-only group just increased by 1 °C. | |||
| MnO2 nanosheets; MnO2 NSs anchored with upconversion nanoprobes (UCSMs) |
PDT, RT, UCL and PA imaging | Hc-4T1 cells; 0–200 μg/mL; Irradiation (1.5 W/cm2, 5 min); X-ray (5 Gy, 5 min) | UCL intensity significantly enhanced in the cytoplasm of hc-4T1 cells owing to the decomposition of MnO2 nanosheets. | Fan et al., 2015 [50] |
| Hc-4T1 tumor-bearing BALB/c female nude mice; 7 groups, intratumor injection, UCSMs (8 mg/mL); Irradiation (2 W/cm2, 10 min); X-ray (8 Gy, 5 min) | UCSMs+RT+NIR promoted a synergetic PDT/RT effect mostly on 4T1 solid tumors causing a remarkable anti-tumor efficacy. | |||
| BP nanosheets (LT of p-BPNSs = 1.3 nm, DH = <200 nm, ZP = −26.1 mV); RP-p-BPNSs | PTT, PA imaging and targeted delivery | LO2, MCF-7, and A549 cells; 0–200 μg/mL; Irradiation (808 nm, 1.0 W/cm2, 10 min) | The cell viability of A549 cells (52%) treated with the nanocomposite significantly reduced when compared to that of MCF-7 cells (62%). | Li et al., 2019 [104] |
| A549 tumor-bearing BALB/c nude mice; 5 groups, 1 mg/mL of RP-p-BPNSs, intravenous injection; Irradiation (808 nm, 1.0 W/cm2, 10 min) | (a) The efficient tumor accumulation of RGD peptide-modified RP-p-BPNSs increased PA intensity dramatically. (b) The tumor site temperature rapidly increased by 23.9 °C within 10 min, and finally reached the temperature of about 56.4 °C to induce local hyperthermia. |
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| BP nanosheets (LS = 200–300 nm, LT = 5.3 nm,); BP-R-D@PDA-PEG-Apt | PTT, IR thermal imaging, gene delivery and targeted drug delivery |
MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells; BP-R-D@PDA-PEG-Apt, 0.5–10 μg/mL of BP; Irradiation (808 nm, 1.0 W/cm2, 10 min) | DOX-siRNA-BP caused a higher cytotoxicity in MCF-7/ADR cells. For DOX alone, the inhibition ratio of cells was about <20% up to 10 μg/mL. | Zeng et al., 2018 [54] |
| MCF-7/ADR tumor-bearing SCID female mice; 7 groups, BP-R-D@PDA-PEG-Apt (5 mg/kg of DOX), intravenous injection; Irradiation (808 nm, 1.5 W/cm2, 5 min) | BP-R-D@PDA-PEG-Apt+NIR treated group led to tumor necrosis, causing severe destruction to tumor cells. | |||
| BP nanosheets (LT = 1 nm, DH = 220 nm); BP-PEI-siRNA | PTT and gene therapy | MCF-7 cells; BP-PEI-siRNA (25 μg/mL of BP-PEI and 200 nM of siRNA); Irradiation (808 nm, 1.0 W/cm2, 10 min) | (a) A strong red fluorescence observed in CLSM images indicated that the cells treated with BP-PEI-siRNA promoted siRNA internalization. (b) The cell growth inhibition rate reached 64% under irradiation. |
Wang et al., 2018 [56] |
| MCF-7 tumor-bearing female BALB/c mice; 4 groups, BP-PEI-siRNA (10 mg/kg of BP-PEI and 1 mg/kg of siRNA), intratumor injection; Irradiation (808 nm, 1.0 W/cm2, 10 min) | The theranostic effects of the nanocomposite not only ablated the tumor but also suppressed tumor growth during the observation period. | |||
| BP nanosheet (PS = 120 nm, LT = 24.3 nm); BP@PDA-Ce6&TPP | PDT, fluorescence imaging, and organelle-targeting drug-delivery | HeLa cells; BP@PDA-Ce6&TPP solution (1–25 μg/mL of BP@PDA); Irradiation (660 nm, 0.5 W/cm2, 5 min) |
(a) 50% of the treated cells were killed in the BP@PDA-Ce6&TPP+laser group, which were larger than those treated with BP@PDA-Ce6 (32%) and BP@PDA (3%). (b) Hela cell uptake was higher in mitochondria than in the cytosol. |
Yang et al., 2019 [55] |
| HeLa tumor-bearing female nude mice; 5 groups, 0.56 mg/kg of BP@PDA in nanocomposite, intravenous injection; Irradiation (660 nm, 0.5 W/cm2, 10 min) | A more substantial tumor eradication efficiency was observed in the tumor of the BP@PDA-Ce6&TPP+laser treated mice group. | |||
| BP nanosheets (PS 400 nm, DH = 344.6 nm); BP-DLH (doxorubicin (D), poly-L-lysine (L), and hyaluronic acid (H)) | PTT, pH- and targeted drug delivery | MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231; 0.001–50 μg/mL; Irradiation (808 nm, 0.8 W/cm2, 2.5 min) | At 50 μg/mL, >95% of cell cytotoxicity was observed in both the cell lines upon irradiation. | Poudel et al., 2018 [105] |
| MDA-MB-231 xenograft-bearing BALB/c mice; 5 groups, 5 mg/kg. intravenous injection; Irradiation (808 nm, 3 W/cm2, 3 min) | (a) Tumor temperature increased up to 48.8 °C after 5 min. (b) At the end of the experiment (24 days), the mean tumor volume of the treated mice was in the following order as BP-DLH+NIR<BP-LH<free doxorubicin<BP-LH+NIR<BP-LH<control (untreated). |
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| Pd nanosheets (size = 4.5 nm); Pd-PEI-Ce6 | PTT/PDT | HeLa cells; Pd-PEI-Ce6 (50 μg/mL of Pd and 2.77 μg/mL of Ce6); Irradiation (660 nm, 0.5 W/cm2, 5 min) |
Only 50% of cells survived in Pd-PEI-Ce6 treated cells. | Zhao et al., 2014 [106] |
| S180 bearing female Kunming mice; 4 groups, intratumor injection, Pd-PEI-Ce6 (50 μg/mL of Pd and 2.77 μg/mL of Ce6); Irradiation (660 nm, 0.5 W/cm2, 5 min) | The tumor temperature increased quickly from 35 °C to 52 °C in Pd-PEI-Ce6 treated mice group after 5 min of laser exposure, and the tumor was eradicated after 7 days of treatment. | |||
| Ultrasmall Pd nanosheets (SPNS) (size = 4.4 nm, ZP = −17.7 mV); SPNS-DOX-GSH | PTT and chemotherapy | QGY-7703 cells; 20 μg/mL of SPNS-DOX solution (0, 7.5, 15 and 30 ppm Pd); Irradiation (808 nm, 1.4 W/cm2, 2 min) | The temperature of the SPNS-DOX solution containing 30 ppm Pd nanosheets elevated from 25.6 °C to 48.8 °C at 10 min of irradiation. | Tang et al., 2015 [107] |
| 4T1 tumor-bearing female BALB/c mice; 7 groups, intravenous injection, SPNS-DOX-GSH (1.5 mg/mL); Irradiation (808 nm, 0.3 W/cm2, 5 min) | Tumor temperature increased from 32 °C to 58.5 °C within 5 min of irradiation. | |||
| Pd (size of Pd@Ag nanoplates = 41 nm); Pd@Ag@mSiO2-Ce6 | PTT/PDT | HeLa cells; 90 or 120 μg/mL; Irradiation (660 nm, 0.1 W/cm2, 5 min or 808 nm, 1 W/cm2, 10 min) | (a) Irradiation with 808 nm followed by 660 nm laser or simultaneous irradiation established an increased cell death at all the concentrations investigated. (b) The rise in temperature was from 27 °C to 38.8 °C |
Shi et al., 2013 [108] |
| S180 tumor-bearing female Kunming mice; 5 groups, intratumor injection, 150 μg/mL; Irradiation (660 nm, 0.1 W/cm2, 5 min or 808 nm, 1 W/cm2, 5 min) | The tumor temperature increased from 27 °C to 43 °C. | |||
| Au nanoring (thickness = 2–20 nm, size = 25, 50, and 130 nm); HS-PEG@Au | PTT, PET and PA imaging | Raw 264.7 cells; 0.037 nM of 50 nm Au nanoring; Irradiation (808 nm, 0.5 W/cm2) | Thicker Au nanorings showed better photothermal stability than the thinner ones. | Liu et al., 2017 [109] |
| U87MG tumor-bearing female nude mice; 4 groups, intravenous injection, 100 μL of 64Cu labeled 50 nm Au nanoring; Irradiation (808 nm, 0.75 W/cm2, 5 min) | Due to the accumulation of Au nanorings in tumors, strong fluorescent signals were observed. | |||
| B nanosheets (LS = 3 nm, PS = 110 nm); B-PEG/DOX NSs | PTT, PA, IR thermal, fluorescence imaging, and drug release | MCF-7 and PC3 cells; B-PEG/DOX NSs (0–88 μg/mL of B and 0–100 μg/mL of DOX); Irradiation (808 nm, 1.0 W/cm2, 5 min) | (a) Under irradiation, B-PEG NSs treated cells showed dose-dependent toxicity. (b) Over 95% of cell death was observed at a DOX concentration of 100 μg/mL. |
Ji et al., 2018 [110] |
| MCF-7 tumor-bearing female nude BALB/c mice; 5 groups, intravenous injection, B-PEG/DOX NSs (5.3 mg/kg of B, 6 mg/kg of DOX); Irradiation (808 nm, 1.0 W/cm2, 10 min) | After 14 days of treatment, the tumors disappeared without recurrence in B-PEG/DOX NSs+NIR treated mice. |
Abbreviations: NSs nanosheets, Ti3C2 titanium carbide, TiS2 titanium disulfide, MnO2 manganese dioxide, MoS2 molybdenum disulfide, Nb2C niobium carbide, MoSe2 molybdenum diselenide, Bi2Te3 bismuth telluride, EPI epirubicin, DOX doxorubicin, Gd gadolinium, PS planar size, LT layer thickness, ZP zeta potential, DH hydrodynamic diameter, SP soybean phospholipid, CTAB cetanecyltrimethylammonium chloride, MSN mesoporous silica-coated nanocomposite, PEG polyethylene glycol, c(RGDyC) cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic pentapeptide, PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone, PTT photothermal therapy, PDT photodynamic therapy, PA photoacoustic, MR magnetic resonance, CS chitosan, MB methylene blue, BSA bovine serum albumin, BPEI polyethylenimine, NGO nanographene oxide, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, PET positron emission tomography, UCL upconversion luminescence, UCNP upconversion nanoparticles, Ce6 chlorin e6, T1-MRI T1-weighted MR imaging, RT radiation therapy, BP black phosphorous, HCT-116 human colon cancer cells, KB human epithelial carcinoma, Panc-1 human pancreatic cells, Hep G2 human liver carcinoma cells, NIH-3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, hc-4T1 hypoxic murine breast cancer cells, U14 murine hepatocarcinoma, LO2 human hepatocyte cell line, MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, MCF-7/ADR multidrug-resistant breast cancer cell, A549 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cell line, MDA-MB-231 human breast adenocarcinoma, QGY-7703 human hepatoma cells, Raw 264.7 mouse leukemic monocyte macrophages, QSG-7701 human paratumor cirrhosis hepatocellular cell line, PC3 human prostatic cancer cells, PC9 human lung adenocarcinoma, U87MG human glioblastoma astrocytoma cells, S180 murine sarcoma cells, HeLa human cervical cancer cells, PEI polyethyleneimine, SH thiol, IONP iron oxide nanoparticles, HPPH 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-alpha, p-BPNSs 1-pyrenebutyric acid modified BP nanosheets, PDA polydopamine, Apt aptamers, TPP triphenyl phosphonium, GSH glutathione, NIR near Infra-red radiation, CT computed Tomography, BW body weight, SCID severe combined immunodeficient, DVDMS sinoporphyrin sodium.