Table 2.
Intermediate and clinical in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes according to the dietary habits of the 494 included women.
| N. | Number of Good-Quality Oocytes (Median, Q1–Q3) |
Number of Good-Quality Embryos (Median, Q1–3) |
Embryo Transfer | aRR (95% CI) |
Clinical Pregnancy | aRR (95% CI) |
Live Birth | aRR (95% CI) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No = 65 | Yes = 429 | No = 336 | Yes = 158 | No = 372 | Yes = 121 | |||||||
| Glycemic Load | ||||||||||||
| 1st Quartile | 123 | 5 (3–8) | 1 (0–3) | 15 | 108 | 1 * | 83 | 40 | 1 * | 92 | 30 | 1 * |
| 2nd Quartile | 123 | 5 (3–9) | 2 (1–4) | 16 | 107 | 1.29 (0.66–2.53) | 79 | 44 | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 89 | 34 | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) |
| 3rd Quartile | 124 | 5 (3–7) | 2 (1–4) | 17 | 107 | 1.41 (0.71–2.80) | 82 | 42 | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 92 | 32 | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) |
| 4th Quartile | 124 | 4 (2–7) | 1 (0–3) | 17 | 107 | 1.80 (0.80–4.05) | 92 | 32 | 1.06 (0.92–1.21) | 99 | 25 | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) |
| p = 0.25 | p = 0.08 | p for trend 0.96 | p for trend 0.76 | p for trend 0.91 | ||||||||
| Carbohydrate Intake | ||||||||||||
| 1st Quartile | 124 | 5 (3–8) | 1 (0–3) | 15 | 109 | 1 * | 83 | 41 | 1 * | 92 | 31 | 1 * |
| 2nd Quartile | 123 | 5 (3–9) | 2 (1–4) | 20 | 103 | 1.41 (0.76–2.63) | 80 | 43 | 0.98 (0.88–1.11) | 89 | 34 | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) |
| 3rd Quartile | 122 | 4 (3–7) | 2 (1–4) | 15 | 107 | 1.06 (0.55–2.07) | 83 | 39 | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 94 | 28 | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) |
| 4th Quartile | 125 | 4 (2–8) | 2 (1–3) | 15 | 110 | 1.08 (0.55–2.11) | 90 | 35 | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) | 97 | 28 | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) |
| p = 0.57 | p = 0.10 | p for trend 0.30 | p for trend 0.89 | p for trend 0.97 | ||||||||
| Glycemic Index | ||||||||||||
| 1st Quartile (56.0–74.2) |
124 | 5 (3–8) | 2 (1–3) | 16 | 108 | 1 * | 85 | 39 | 1 * | 92 | 31 | 1 * |
| 2nd Quartile (74.3–77.1) |
124 | 5 (3–7) | 2 (1–4) | 11 | 113 | 0.76 (0.37–1.57) | 82 | 42 | 0.98 (0.86–1.13) | 94 | 30 | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) |
| 3rd Quartile (77.2–80.0) |
123 | 4 (2–7) | 1 (1–3) | 18 | 105 | 1.26 (0.70–2.37) | 83 | 40 | 1.00 (0.87–1.16) | 93 | 30 | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) |
| 4th Quartile (80.1–87.8) |
123 | 5 (2–8) | 2 (1–3) | 20 | 103 | 1.35 (0.73–2.49) | 86 | 37 | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) | 93 | 30 | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) |
| p = 0.20 | p = 0.88 | p for trend 0.24 | p for trend 0.95 | p for trend 0.96 | ||||||||
| Bread | ||||||||||||
| 1st Quartile | 119 | 5 (3–8) | 2 (1–4) | 13 | 106 | 1 * | 79 | 40 | 1 * | 87 | 32 | 1 * |
| 2nd Quartile | 112 | 4 (3–8) | 1 (1–3) | 17 | 95 | 1.48 (0.76–2.92) | 67 | 45 | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) | 77 | 34 | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) |
| 3rd Quartile | 138 | 5 (3–8) | 2 (1–4) | 16 | 122 | 1.19 (0.60–2.37) | 98 | 40 | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 109 | 29 | 1.06 (0.95–1.17) |
| 4th Quartile | 125 | 4 (2–7) | 2 (0–3) | 19 | 106 | 1.46 (0.76–2.83) | 92 | 33 | 1.05 (0.94–1.19) | 99 | 26 | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) |
| p = 0.23 | p = 0.62 | p for trend 0.58 | p for trend 0.38 | p for trend 0.41 | ||||||||
| Pasta | ||||||||||||
| 1st Quartile | 123 | 5 (2–8) | 1 (0–3) | 19 | 104 | 1 * | 92 | 31 | 1 * | 96 | 27 | 1 * |
| 2nd Quartile | 112 | 5 (3–8) | 2 (1–4) | 18 | 94 | 1.12 (0.62–2.01) | 75 | 37 | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 87 | 24 | 1.00 (0.90–1.12) |
| 3rd Quartile | 138 | 5 (3–8) | 2 (1–3) | 12 | 126 | 0.66 (0.33–1.31) | 90 | 48 | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 97 | 41 | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) |
| 4th Quartile | 121 | 5 (3–7) | 2 (1–3) | 16 | 105 | 0.90 (0.49–1.66) | 79 | 42 | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 92 | 29 | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) |
| p = 0.94 | p = 0.64 | p for trend 0.18 | p for trend 0.11 | p for trend 0.28 | ||||||||
| Whole Grain | ||||||||||||
| Abstainers | 317 | 5 (3–8) | 2 (1–3) | 45 | 272 | 1 * | 213 | 104 | 1 * | 235 | 81 | 1 * |
| Regular users | 177 | 5 (3–8) | 2 (1–3) | 20 | 157 | 0.77 (0.47–1.26) | 123 | 54 | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 137 | 40 | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) |
| p = 0.81 | p = 0.38 | |||||||||||
| Legumes | ||||||||||||
| Abstainers | 169 | 5 (3–8) | 1 (1–3) | 22 | 147 | 1 * | 118 | 51 | 1 * | 126 | 42 | 1 * |
| Regular users | 325 | 5 (3–8) | 2 (1–3) | 43 | 282 | 0.99 (0.62–1.60) | 218 | 107 | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) | 246 | 79 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) |
| p = 0.16 | p = 0.24 | |||||||||||
| Fiber Intake (g/d) | ||||||||||||
| 1st Quartile (5.50–13.30) |
122 | 5 (3–8) | 1 (0–4) | 19 | 103 | 1 * | 79 | 43 | 1 * | 88 | 34 | 1 * |
| 2nd Quartile (13.31–16.86) |
124 | 5 (3–7) | 2 (1–3) | 15 | 109 | 0.73 (0.39–1.36) | 86 | 38 | 1.02 (0.89–1.18) | 98 | 25 | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) |
| 3rd Quartile (16.87–0.85) |
123 | 5 (2–8) | 2 (1–3) | 17 | 106 | 0.84 (0.46–1.53) | 85 | 38 | 1.02 (0.89–1.18) | 93 | 30 | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) |
| 4th Quartile (20.86–40.10) |
125 | 5 (3–7) | 2 (1–4) | 14 | 111 | 0.69 (0.36–1.31) | 86 | 39 | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 93 | 32 | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) |
| p = 0.90 | p = 0.54 | p for trend 0.10 | p for trend 0.82 | p for trend 0.52 | ||||||||
aRR: adjusted relative risk; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index, PA: physical activity. * Reference category. The final model includes age class (<35, 35–39, ≥40), college degree, BMI class (<25.0, ≥25.0), previous ART cycles (no, yes) and leisure PA.