Table 2.
Changes from baseline in dietary intake and cardiometabolic parameters at the end of intervention phase (12 weeks) of intensive medical weight management and at the end of maintenance phase (24 weeks) among patients with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity stratified by frequency of dairy consumption.
| IFR (n = 15) |
LFR (n = 15) |
FR (n = 15) |
P 3 | P 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 Weeks |
24 Weeks |
12 Weeks |
24 Weeks |
12 Weeks |
24 Weeks |
|||
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) | −123 (−500, 254) | 30 (−352, 413) | −312 (−596, −28) 1 | −73 (−394, 247) | −379 (−760, 2.7) | −209 (−574, 155) | 0.4 | 0.6 |
| Energy from total fat (%) | −10 (−29, 9) | −2 (−21, 18) | −11 (−30, 7) | −6 (−22, 10) | −19 (−42, 4) | −9 (−31, 14) | 0.4 | 0.6 |
| Energy from saturated fat (%) | −1.8 (−3.8, 0.3) | −0.3 (−2.2, 1.5) | −0.8 (−2.7, 1) | −0.6 (−2.6, 1.4) | −1 (−3.5, 1.5) | −0.4 (−3.1, 2.4) | 0.3 | 0.9 |
| Energy from carbohydrate (%) | 0.9 (−4, 5.9) | 1.4 (−3.2, 6) | −1 (−5.6, 3.6) | −1.1 (−5.8, 3.5) | −2.7 (−8.4, 3) | −2.5 (−7.7, 2.7) | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| Energy from protein (%) | 2.3 (−1.9, 6.4) | 0.2 (−3.8, 4.1) | 2.4 (−1.4, 6.2) | 1.2 (−2.1, 4.6) | 5.8 (1.1, 10.6)1 | 3.6 (−0.6, 7.8) | 0.1 | 0.06 |
| Body weight (kg) | −8 (−19.4, 3.6) | −7.6 (−19.4, 4.2) | −8.3 (−23.6, 7) | −9.5(−24.2, 5.3) | −9.5 (−24, 5) | −10 (−24.6, 4.7) | 0.3 | 0.23 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | −2.8 (−5.8, 0.3) | −2.6 (−5.8, 0.6) | −3 (−8, 2.1) | −3.3 (−8.3, 1.6) | −3.1 (−6.7, 0.5) | −3.3 (−7, 0.5) | 0.4 | 0.32 |
| HbA1c (%) | −1.32 (−2.2, −0.5) 2 | −1.13 (−2, −0.3) 1 | −1.12 (−1.84, −0.4) 2 | −0.64 (−1.65, 0.37) | −1.48 (−2.3, −0.6) 2 | −1.18 (−2, −0.34) 2 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
| Lipid profile | ||||||||
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | −13 (−38, 12) | −10 (−31, 12) | −16 (−39, 6) | −5 (−30, 19) | −20 (−50, 9) | −11 (−40, 18) | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| HDL−C (mg/dL) | 2 (−8, 12) | 6 (−4, 15) | 3 (−8, 14) | 6 (−5, 17) | −2 (−10, 6) | 2 (−7, 11) | 0.03 | 0.09 |
| LDL−C (mg/dL) | −6 (−24, 11) | −4 (−19, 10) | −11 (−30, 8) | −6 (−26, 14) | −15 (−41, 12) | −7 (−31, 18) | 0.6 | 0.9 |
| VLDL−C (mg/dL) | −16 (−34, 1) | −18 (−35, −1) 1 | −5 (−15, 5) | −2 (−14, 10) | −1 (−10, 8) | −3 (−11, 5) | 0.06 | 0.04 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −48 (−106, 11) | −58 (−111, −4) 1 | −52 (−115, 10) | −37 (−108, 33) | −58 (−182, 66) | −69 (−192, 54) | 0.2 | 0.15 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | −7.8 (−15, −0.4) 1 | −7.5 (−15, −0.3) 1 | −9 (−19, 1) | −9.6 (−20, 0.5) | −6.5 (−18, 5) | −8 (−21, 5) | 0.5 | 0.9 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | −7 (−13, −0.6) 1 | −5 (−11, 2) | −7 (−19, 5) | −8 (−20, 3.6) | −9 (−20, 1,7) | −6.5 (−19, 6) | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| Waist/hip ratio | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.04) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.04) | 0.2 | 0.9 |
| Body fat (%) | −4.3 (−11, 2.5) | −4.5 (−11, 1.8) | −4.1 (−10.4, 2.1) | −4.2 (−10.6, 2.1) | −2.6 (−8.7, 3.6) | −2.2 (−8.4, 3.4) | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Fat mass (kg) | −5 (−14.6, 4.6) | −3.7 (−12.5, 5.1) | −1.5 (−11.8, 8.7) | −1.9 (−12.2, 8.3) | −0.73 (−12.7, 11.2) | −0.4 (−12.5, 11.8) | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Fat free mass (kg) | −2 (−15, 10.8) | 3.2 (−10.5, 17) | 4.8 (−7.5, 17) | 4.1 (−8, 16.2) | 5.5 (−9.5, 20.5) | 4.8 (−10.2, 19.8) | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Total body water (kg) | −1.5 (−10.9, 8) | 2.4 (−7.7, 12.4) | 3.5 (−5.5, 12.5) | 3 (−5.9, 12) | −4 (−7, 15) | 3.5 (−7.5, 14.5) | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Trunk fat (%) | −3 (−8.4, 2.3) | −3.8 (−9.2, 1.5) | −8.3 (−17, 0.3) | −7.4 (−16.5, 1.6) | −5.4 (−12.2, 1.4) | −7.1 (−14.3, 0.2) | 0.4 | 0.6 |
| Visceral fat (arbitrary units) | −2.4 (−7.7, 2.9) | −2.1 (−7.7, 3.4) | −4.4 (−11, 2.1) | −3.6 (−10.7, 3.4) | −1.8 (−9.2, 5.6) | −2 (−9.5, 5.6) | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| CRP (mg/L) | −0.9 (−2.3, 0.6) | −0.2 (−1.9, 1.4) | −0.7 (−3.4, 2) | 0.1 (−3.1, 3.2) | 0.3 (−8.1, 8.7) | −0.3 (−10, 9.3) | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | −24 (−60, 12) | −17 (−53, 17) | −12 (−38, 14) | 3 (−35, 41) | −36 (−72, −1) 1 | −38 (−72, −4) 1 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| HOMA−IR | −3.6 (−7.6, 0.4) | −3.2 (−7.2, 0.9) | −1 (−5.3, 3.4) | −0.6 (−5.2, 3.9) | −1.4 (−4.5, 1.6) | −1.8 (−5.4, 1.7) | 0.3 | 0.6 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −3 (−14, 7) | 1 (−7, 10) | −7 (−18, 4) | −8 (−21, 5) | −5 (−20, 10) | −6 (−22, 10) | 0.9 | 0.4 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −1 (−6, 6) | 2 (−4, 9) | −6 (−13, 3) | −7 (−15, 1) | −1 (−8, 5) | −1 (−8, 6) | 0.6 | 0.3 |
Data are mean (95% CI). 1 P<0.05 for student’s t-test compared to baseline; 2 P < 0.01 for student’s t-test compared to baseline; 3 P for trend at the end of the intervention phase using a nonparametric test for trend (an extension of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test) among ordered groups of dairy consumption; 4 P for trend at the end of the maintenance phase using a nonparametric test for trend (an extension of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test) among ordered groups of dairy consumption; Abbreviations: FR, frequent dairy consumers; LFR, less-frequent dairy consumers; IFR, infrequent dairy consumers; CRP, c-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model of insulin resistance.