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Immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy through mechanisms involving (a) CTLA-4 and (b) PD1/PD-L1. During the priming phase, T cell activation requires two complementary signals: the engagement of the MHC complex to the T cell receptor (TCR) and the absence of interaction between CTLA-4 and CD80/86. Conversely, T cell activation will be strongly suppressed. Similarly, during the effector phase, the absence of interaction between PD1 and PD-L1 upregulates T cell activation.
