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. 2020 Jun 18;21(12):4348. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124348

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Histopathological examination of rats’ kidney. (A) Negative control group. (B) D-gal group revealing congestion (arrowhead), degeneration in the renal tubules (thin arrow), and intratubular eosinophilic proteinaceous materials inside the lumen of renal tubules (thick arrow). (C) Gal-Q25 group. (D) D-gal+Q50 group. (E) D-gal+Q100 group. (F) H&E semiquantitative scoring of renal necrosis. (G) H&E semiquantitative scoring of renal congestion. Scale bar = 50 µm. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Error bars represent mean ± SD. *** p < 0.001 vs. control. ⁺⁺⁺ p < 0.001 vs. D-gal. ^x p < 0.05 and ^xxx p < 0.001 vs. D-gal+Q25. ^## p < 0.01 and ^### p < 0.001 vs. D-gal+Q50.