Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants According to Glucose Status
| Overall | Normoglycemia | Prediabetes | Diabetes Mellitus | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=40,046) | (n=23,176) | (n=10,685) | (n=6185) | ||
| Age | 47.2 ± 19.4 | 40.1 ± 18.0 | 54.7 ± 17.6 | 60.6 ± 14.6 | <0.001 |
| Gender | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 19,484 (48.7%) | 10,610 (45.8%) | 5694 (53.3%) | 3180 (51.4%) | |
| Female | 20,562 (51.3%) | 12,566 (54.2%) | 4991 (46.7%) | 3005 (48.6%) | |
| Race | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-White | 21,486 (53.7%) | 11,883 (51.3%) | 5828 (54.5%) | 3775 (61.0%) | |
| White | 18,560 (46.3%) | 11,293 (48.7%) | 4857 (45.5%) | 2410 (39.0%) | |
| Smoker | 17,352 (43.3%) | 9098 (39.3%) | 5107 (47.8%) | 3147 (50.9%) | <0.001 |
| Less than high school | 10,390 (25.9%) | 4812 (20.8%) | 3152 (29.5%) | 2426 (39.2%) | <0.001 |
| Follow-up time | 97.5 ± 54.1 | 107 ± 54.9 | 85.7 ± 50.1 | 81.7 ± 49.3 | <0.001 |
| BMI | 28.5 ± 6.58 | 27.1 ± 5.90 | 29.7 ± 6.72 | 31.8 ± 7.18 | <0.001 |
| SBP | 124 ± 19.3 | 119 ± 17.4 | 128 ± 19.7 | 132 ± 20.7 | <0.001 |
| DBP | 69.4 ± 13.5 | 69.0 ± 12.6 | 70.8 ± 14.0 | 68.3 ± 15.4 | <0.001 |
| FBG | 99.9 ± 37.1 | 85.8 ± 7.89 | 100 ± 11.0 | 152 ± 70.6 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c | 5.64 ± 1.03 | 5.19 ± 0.286 | 5.69 ± 0.351 | 7.20 ± 1.78 | <0.001 |
| TC | 196 ± 42.9 | 193 ± 41.6 | 202 ± 42.0 | 193 ± 48.0 | <0.001 |
| TG | 136 ± 119 | 121 ± 98.4 | 144 ± 105 | 181 ± 185 | <0.001 |
| LDLC | 115 ± 35.9 | 113 ± 35.1 | 122 ± 36.1 | 108 ± 36.8 | <0.001 |
| HDLC | 52.8 ± 15.8 | 54.7 ± 16.0 | 51.3 ± 15.5 | 48.0 ± 14.2 | <0.001 |
| eGFR | 90.1 ± 30.2 | 96.0 ± 31.1 | 83.3 ± 24.8 | 79.9 ± 30.1 | <0.001 |
| Energy intake | 2140 ± 1020 | 2240 ± 1070 | 2080 ± 966 | 1860 ± 890 | <0.001 |
| Cancer at baseline | 3309 (8.3%) | 1341 (5.8%) | 1161 (10.9%) | 807 (13.0%) | <0.001 |
| CVD at baseline | 4044 (10.1%) | 1209 (5.2%) | 1308 (12.2%) | 1527 (24.7%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension at baseline | 21,017 (52.5%) | 8931 (38.5%) | 6958 (65.1%) | 5128 (82.9%) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 4869 (12.2%) | 1227 (5.3%) | 1647 (15.4%) | 1995 (32.3%) | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 731 (1.8%) | 165 (0.7%) | 237 (2.2%) | 329 (5.3%) | <0.001 |
| Insulin | 913 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 913 (14.8%) | <0.001 |
| Antidiabetic drugs | 2860 (7.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2860 (46.2%) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 10,152 (25.4%) | 2989 (12.9%) | 3586 (33.6%) | 3577 (57.8%) | <0.001 |
| All-cause mortality | 4745 (11.8%) | 1818 (7.8%) | 1514 (14.2%) | 1413 (22.8%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular mortality | 834 (2.1%) | 256 (1.1%) | 273 (2.6%) | 305 (4.9%) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CVD, cardiovascular disease.