Table 2.
Comparing the daily energy and nutrient intakes between young children formula (YCF) consumers and non-consumers in children aged 12 to 36 months (total N = 910).
| Nutrients | YCF | Mean | SD | P25 | P50 | P75 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | Non-consumers | 978 | 425 | 679 | 911 | 1267 |
| Consumers | 967 | 366 | 689 | 911 | 1190 | |
| Carbohydrate (g) | Non-consumers | 137.5 | 70.4 | 86.4 | 123.5 | 188.7 |
| Consumers | 131.7 | 59.0 | 86.8 | 121.3 | 165.3 | |
| Protein (g) | Non-consumers | 36.4 | 19.3 | 22.2 | 31.6 | 46.3 |
| Consumers | 34.9 | 15.4 | 23.6 | 32.5 | 42.9 | |
| Fat (g) | Non-consumers | 33.6 | 20.8 | 19.3 | 30.1 | 41.8 |
| Consumers | 34.2 | 17.2 | 21.5 | 31.5 | 43.7 | |
| Saturated fat (g) | Non-consumers | 10.5 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 9.3 | 13.3 |
| Consumers a,* | 6.1 | 4.7 | 2.7 | 5.2 | 8.5 | |
| Dietary fiber (g) | Non-consumers | 4.9 | 5.1 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 6.0 |
| Consumers | 4.1 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 5.1 | |
| Vitamin A (μg RE) | Non-consumers | 456.6 | 449.2 | 184.0 | 317.8 | 598.9 |
| Consumers a,* | 730.2 | 537.0 | 371.4 | 625.1 | 941.9 | |
| Thiamin (mg) | Non-consumers | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| Consumersa * | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 | |
| Riboflavin (mg) | Non-consumers | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
| Consumersa * | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.1 | |
| Niacin (mg) | Non-consumers | 6.9 | 5.4 | 3.6 | 5.3 | 9.3 |
| Consumers | 6.2 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 5.5 | 8.1 | |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | Non-consumers | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
| Consumers a,* | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | |
| Folate (μg) | Non-consumers | 139.9 | 176.6 | 60.6 | 92.6 | 147.4 |
| Consumers a,* | 145.7 | 109.0 | 90.5 | 126.1 | 169.6 | |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | Non-consumers | 4.7 | 11.1 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 2.7 |
| Consumers a,* | 3.3 | 5.0 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 3.4 | |
| Vitamin C (mg) | Non-consumers | 46.5 | 211.6 | 13.1 | 27.0 | 43.1 |
| Consumers a,* | 65.2 | 45.2 | 36.5 | 55.4 | 79.0 | |
| Vitamin D (μg) | Non-consumers | 11.3 | 28.0 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 8.3 |
| Consumers a,* | 17.2 | 35.3 | 3.5 | 7.1 | 20.3 | |
| Vitamin E (α-TE, mg) | Non-consumers | 9.4 | 7.8 | 5.0 | 8.1 | 11.7 |
| Consumers a,* | 12.0 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 10.4 | 15.6 | |
| Calcium (mg) | Non-consumers | 406.3 | 285.0 | 216.9 | 350.6 | 536.2 |
| Consumers a,* | 583.8 | 289.4 | 379.3 | 526.2 | 738.3 | |
| Phosphorus (mg) | Non-consumers | 615.3 | 399.9 | 339.9 | 544.2 | 771.2 |
| Consumers a, | 612.2 | 255.2 | 431.5 | 571.8 | 755.1 | |
| Magnesium (mg) | Non-consumers | 146.8 | 80.6 | 85.7 | 131.4 | 197.9 |
| Consumers a,* | 123.7 | 58.4 | 82.9 | 113.0 | 153.6 | |
| Iron (mg) | Non-consumers | 11.5 | 11.3 | 5.7 | 8.5 | 12.8 |
| Consumers a,* | 11.5 | 6.3 | 7.9 | 10.3 | 13.7 | |
| Zinc (mg) | Non-consumers | 6.1 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 5.3 | 8.1 |
| Consumers a,* | 6.4 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 7.8 | |
| Selenium (μg) | Non-consumers | 24.5 | 13.6 | 14.1 | 22.4 | 32.5 |
| Consumers | 23.6 | 14.1 | 14.9 | 21.5 | 29.8 | |
| Sodium (mg) | Non-consumers | 2360 | 1754 | 1052 | 2085 | 3291 |
| Consumers | 2195 | 1650 | 879 | 1871 | 3379 | |
| Potassium (mg) | Non-consumers | 929 | 609 | 487 | 790 | 1173 |
| Consumers a,* | 1021 | 434 | 712 | 952 | 1251 |
Note: *P < 0.05 by Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with Bonferroni correction applied for multiple comparisons. a P < 0.05 by multivariate linear regression after log transformation and adjustments for age (months), gender (male or female), income (low, middle, or high), and energy intake. SD, standard deviation; P25, 25th percentile; P50, 50th percentile; P75, 75th percentile; RE, retinol equivalent; α-TE, α-tocopherol equivalent.