Table 3.
Comparing reported daily energy and nutrient intakes with the addition of cow’s milk (model 1) and a new young children formula (model 2) in children aged 12–36 months who did not meet the dairy intake recommendations (N = 424).
| Nutrients | Dietary Nutrient Intake | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | P25 | P50 | P75 | ||
| Energy (kcal) | reported | 912 | 379 | 631 | 867 | 1122 |
| model1 a | 978 | 376 | 699 | 945 | 1184 | |
| model2 a,b | 998 | 376 | 720 | 968 | 1202 | |
| Carbohydrate (g) | reported | 128.4 | 64.3 | 79.4 | 115.3 | 163.3 |
| model1 a | 132.5 | 64.1 | 83.3 | 120.0 | 167.3 | |
| model2 a,b | 138.8 | 64.2 | 87.2 | 125.8 | 172.7 | |
| Protein (g) | reported | 33.8 | 17.2 | 21.6 | 30.3 | 40.7 |
| model1 a | 37.4 | 17.1 | 25.6 | 34.0 | 44.7 | |
| model2 a,b | 36.5 | 17.0 | 24.7 | 32.8 | 43.7 | |
| Fat (g) | reported | 30.9 | 17.0 | 19.1 | 28.0 | 38.3 |
| model1 a | 34.8 | 17.0 | 22.6 | 32.3 | 41.8 | |
| model2 a,b | 34.4 | 16.9 | 22.4 | 31.9 | 41.2 | |
| Saturated fat (g) | reported | 7.3 | 5.4 | 3.4 | 6.2 | 9.6 |
| model1 a | 9.2 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 8.3 | 11.7 | |
| model2 a,b | 8.5 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 7.5 | 10.7 | |
| Dietary fiber (g) | reported | 4.6 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 5.4 |
| model1 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 5.4 | |
| model2 a,b | 5.4 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 6.2 | |
| Vitamin A (µg RE) | reported | 587.4 | 530.8 | 274.1 | 444.0 | 775.8 |
| model1 a | 616.6 | 528.5 | 304.3 | 464.9 | 801.2 | |
| model2 a,b | 674.6 | 525.4 | 367.1 | 522.3 | 861.6 | |
| Thiamin (mg) | reported | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 0.62 |
| model1 a | 0.58 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.50 | 0.65 | |
| model2 a,b | 0.61 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.53 | 0.69 | |
| Riboflavin (mg) | reported | 0.71 | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.62 | 0.79 |
| model1 a | 0.88 | 0.50 | 0.65 | 0.79 | 0.96 | |
| model2 a,b | 0.81 | 0.50 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 0.89 | |
| Niacin (mg) | reported | 6.8 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 5.6 | 8.6 |
| model1 a | 6.8 | 5.1 | 3.7 | 5.8 | 8.7 | |
| model2 a,b | 7.4 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 6.3 | 9.3 | |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | reported | 0.52 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.44 | 0.64 |
| model1 a | 0.56 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.47 | 0.67 | |
| model2 a,b | 0.61 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.54 | 0.72 | |
| Folate (µg) | reported | 149.0 | 166.9 | 74.2 | 110.9 | 155.5 |
| model1 a | 152.6 | 166.8 | 78.6 | 113.9 | 158.6 | |
| model2 a,b | 169.1 | 166.4 | 99.1 | 129.3 | 174.5 | |
| Vitamin B12 (µg) | reported | 4.2 | 9.8 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 2.8 |
| model1 a | 4.4 | 9.8 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 3.0 | |
| model2 a,b | 4.5 | 9.8 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 3.1 | |
| Vitamin C (mg) | reported | 55.4 | 185.6 | 23.6 | 36.8 | 58.6 |
| model1 a | 56.6 | 185.6 | 24.7 | 38.0 | 59.3 | |
| model2 a,b | 68.4 | 185.9 | 36.3 | 50.5 | 70.3 | |
| Vitamin D (µg) | reported | 14.9 | 39.6 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 15.2 |
| model1 a | 15.2 | 39.6 | 2.0 | 3.6 | 15.4 | |
| model2 a,b | 16.9 | 39.6 | 4.2 | 5.1 | 17.0 | |
| Vitamin E (α-TE, mg) | reported | 10.2 | 6.9 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 4.9 |
| model1 a | 10.5 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 8.9 | 13.1 | |
| model2 a,b | 10.9 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 9.3 | 13.5 | |
| Calcium (mg) | reported | 405.4 | 184.5 | 274.7 | 376.1 | 488.1 |
| model1 a | 532.2 | 169.6 | 412.0 | 492.4 | 592.5 | |
| model2 a,b | 513.4 | 169.9 | 394.1 | 472.2 | 576.7 | |
| Phosphorus (mg) | reported | 542.1 | 244.7 | 370.7 | 508.8 | 653.0 |
| model1 a | 631.1 | 240.1 | 462.6 | 587.6 | 742.1 | |
| model2 a,b | 607.9 | 240.2 | 439.1 | 567.2 | 711.8 | |
| Magnesium (mg) | reported | 126.5 | 68.8 | 78.4 | 111.5 | 161.3 |
| model1 a | 139.9 | 69.2 | 92.5 | 125.8 | 171.4 | |
| model2 a,b | 134.8 | 68.9 | 87.4 | 119.4 | 167.6 | |
| Iron (mg) | reported | 11.4 | 9.6 | 6.6 | 9.2 | 12.6 |
| model1 a | 11.8 | 9.6 | 7.0 | 9.5 | 13.0 | |
| model2 a,b | 12.9 | 9.6 | 8.3 | 10.6 | 14.2 | |
| Zinc (mg) | reported | 5.8 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 7.2 |
| model1 a | 6.31 | 2.73 | 4.31 | 5.79 | 7.76 | |
| model2 a,b | 6.28 | 2.73 | 4.29 | 5.83 | 7.80 | |
| Selenium (µg) | reported | 23.9 | 14.9 | 14.7 | 21.5 | 30.0 |
| model1 a | 26.3 | 14.8 | 17.0 | 24.1 | 31.9 | |
| model2 a,b | 27.2 | 14.8 | 17.9 | 25.0 | 32.9 | |
| Sodium (mg) | reported | 2391 | 1860 | 970 | 1974 | 3414 |
| model1 a | 2436 | 1859 | 1028 | 2036 | 3451 | |
| model2 a,b | 2425 | 1859 | 1009 | 2017 | 3443 | |
| Potassium (mg) | reported | 910 | 501 | 581 | 796 | 1095 |
| model1 a | 1043 | 496 | 725 | 937 | 1204 | |
| model2 a,b | 1061 | 496 | 740 | 955 | 1220 | |
Note: a P < 0.05 when compared to reported values; b P < 0.05 when compared to models 1 and 2. Paired t test was used in the comparisons. SD, standard deviation; P25, 25th percentile; P50, 50th percentile; P75, 75th percentile; RE, retinol equivalent; α-TE, α-tocopherol equivalent.