Figure 1.

Organophosphorus compounds induced various diseases mediated by MAPK signaling. Abbrivations: OPCs: Organophosphate compounds, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, LDL: Low density lipoprotein, MAPKs: Mitogen-activated protein kinases, NF-Κβ: Nuclear transcription factor kappa-β, COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, Akt: Protein kinase B, JNK: c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. Blue arrows indicate the association between OPCs exposure, MAPK signaling and neurotoxicity, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. (↑): Increase, (↓): Decrease. Brown arrows indicate the association between OPCs exposure, MAPK signaling and cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and reproductive toxicity.