HE	hemagglutinin-esterase
COVID-19	coronavirus disease 2019
SA	sialic acid
SARS-CoV	severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
MERS-V	Middle East respiratory syndrome virus
RSV	respiratory syncytial virus
WHO	World Health Organization
2019-nCoV	2019-Novel Coronavirus
GIT	gastrointestinal track
RDE	receptor-destroying enzyme
LRI	ligand–receptor interaction
LCI	lectin–carbohydrate interaction
LGI	lectin–glycan interaction
LSI	lectin–sphingolipid interaction
PGI	protein–glycan interaction
PCI	protein–carbohydrate interaction
PPI	protein–protein interaction
NeuC	neuraminic acid
NeuAc	N-acetyl neuraminic acid
NeuGc	N-glycolyl neuraminic acid
ST	sialyltransferase
ICTV	International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
HCoV	human CoV
ORF	open reading frame
RdRp	RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
E	envelope
N	nucleocapsid
S	spike glycoprotein
M	membrane matrix glycoprotein
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
ERGIC	endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
Nsp	nonstructural protein
RTC	replicase–transcriptase complex
TM	transmembrane
ADRP	ADP-ribose-1′-phosphatase
PLpro	papain-like protease
MTase	methyltransferase
NTD	N-terminal domain
CTD	C-terminal domain
RBD	receptor-binding domain
ssRNA	single stranded RNA
GSK3	glycogen synthase kinase 3
hnRNP A1	heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1
VLP	virus-like particle
NA	neuraminidase
NDV	Newcastle disease
Neu5Ac	N-acetylneuraminic acid
Neu5:9Ac2	9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid
CasD1	Cas1 domain containing 1
ISAV	infectious salmon anemia virus
FH	factor H
Neu5Ac9NAc	9-acetamido-9-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid
HEF	HE fusion protein
Neu5:9Ac2	5-N-acetyl-9-O-NeuAc
BCoV	bovine CoV
RBC	red blood cell
CRD	carbohydrate-recognizing domain
GBD	glycan-binding domain
MHV	murine hepatitis virus
CEACAM	carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1a
9-O–AC-SA	9-O-acetylated SA
PHEV	porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
RCoV	rat CoV
TGEV	transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus
IBV	infectious bronchitis virus
pAPN	porcine aminopeptidase N
MGP	mucin-like glycoprotein
pNPA	p-nitrophenyl acetate
SLeX	sialyl-LewisX
α2:3-SlacNAc	α2,3-sialyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine
DPP4	dipeptidyl peptidase 4
GRP78	membrane-associated 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein
ACE2	angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
hAPN	human APN
MHC-I	major histocompatibility complex class I
DC-SIGN	dendritic cells-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin
HSPG	heparan sulfate proteoglycan
HSPA5	heat shock protein A5
RAS	renin-angiotensin system
Ang I	angiotensin I
AT1R	Ang II receptor type 1
GPCR	G protein-coupled receptor
ADAM	A disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain
TACE	TNF-α-converting enzyme
TMPRSS	transmembrane protease serine
TTSP	type II TM Ser protease
PAR-2	protease activated receptor 2
MMP	matrix metalloproteinase
HGF	hepatocyte growth factor
HAT	human airway trypsin-like protease
MSPL	serine 13
BHH	bromhexine hydrochloride
DPP4	dipeptidyl peptidase-4
BiP	immunoglobulin protein
UPR	unfolded protein response
ATF6	activating transcription factor 6
IRE1	inositol-requiring enzyme 1
PERK	protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase
SBD	substrate-binding domain
PEDV	porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus virus
FIPV	feline infectious peritonitis virus
FeCV	feline enteric virus
GAG	glycosaminoglycan
GlcAT-II	glucuronosyltransferase
GlcNAcT-II	N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II
NGS	new generation sequencing
RBM	receptor-binding motif
3CLpro	3-chymotrypsin-like protease
CLQ	chloroquine
CLQ-OH	hydroxychloroquine
GBS	ganglioside-binding site
GBD	ganglioside-binding domain
WEF	World Economic Forum
VODAN	Virus Outbreak Data Network