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. 2020 May 27;12(6):1555. doi: 10.3390/nu12061555

Table 2.

General characteristics and the association between NAFLD and dietary habits, stress, and HRQoL.

Characteristics OR (95% CI) p-Value a
Sex Male 1.747 (1.609–1.898) <0.0001
Female 1 Reference
Age 1.047 (1.025–1.069) <0.0001
Educational level ≤Elementary 0.762 (0.678–0.856) 0.003
Middle 0.903 (0.788–1.034) 0.190
High 0.998 (0.897–1.11) 0.660
≥College 1 Reference
Smoking 1.349 (1.221–1.49) <0.0001
Exercise 0.892 (0.821–0.97) <0.0001
Drinking 1.057 (0.966–1.156) <0.0001
Breakfast frequency 5–7/week 1 Reference
3–4/week 1.104 (0.952–1.28) 0.545
1–2/week 1.301 (1.123–1.508) 0.245
Rare 1.165 (1.016–1.337) 0.029
Lunch frequency 5–7/week 1 Reference
3–4/week 1.153 (0.946–1.406) 0.312
1–2/week 1.330 (0.943–1.876) 0.791
Rare 1.415 (1.005–1.992) 0.046
Dinner frequency 5–7/week 1 Reference
3–4/week 1.034 (0.878–1.218) 0.692
1–2/week 0.833 (0.548–1.267) 0.897
Rare 0.882 (0.407–1.912) 0.751
Eating out ≥2/day 1.250 (1.006–1.552)
1/day 1.103 (0.906–1.343)
5–6/week 0.899 (0.739–1.094)
3–4/week 0.971 (0.78–1.208)
1–2/week 1.008 (0.833–1.22)
1–3/month 1.064 (0.868–1.304)
Rare 1 Reference
Companion for breakfast Yes 1 Reference
No 1.008 (0.903–1.126) 0.001
Companion for lunch Yes 1 Reference
No 1.029 (0.932–1.136) 0.018
Companion for dinner Yes 1 Reference
No 0.958 (0.857–1.07) 0.335
WC 1.237 (1.227–1.247) <0.0001
BMI 2.389 (2.309–2.471) <0.0001
Fasting glucose 1.021 (1.018–1.023) <0.0001
HbA1c 1.829 (1.707–1.96) <0.0001
TC 1.008 (1.006–1.009) <0.0001
HDL-C 0.948 (0.944–0.952) <0.0001
TG 1.004 (1.003–1.005) <0.0001
LDL-C 1.008 (1.005–1.011) <0.0001
Stress recognition 1.316 (1.203–1.44) <0.0001
EQ-5D 2.255 (1.533–3.317) <0.0001

Abbreviations: HRQoL, health-related quality of life; NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body-mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Stress, if ‘1’ is recorded for the stress question; EQ-5D, EuroQol- 5 Dimension; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Definitions: Age, 10-year increase; Smoking, the percentage of individuals who is currently smoking (within two year); alcohol, the percentage of alcohol intake more than once a month in the last year; breakfast (lunch and dinner) frequency, breakfast (lunch and dinner) dinner frequency for 1 week in the last year. a The p-value was determined through the complex sample logistic regression test.