Table 2.
Characteristics | OR | (95% CI) | p-Value a | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 1.747 | (1.609–1.898) | <0.0001 |
Female | 1 | Reference | ||
Age | 1.047 | (1.025–1.069) | <0.0001 | |
Educational level | ≤Elementary | 0.762 | (0.678–0.856) | 0.003 |
Middle | 0.903 | (0.788–1.034) | 0.190 | |
High | 0.998 | (0.897–1.11) | 0.660 | |
≥College | 1 | Reference | ||
Smoking | 1.349 | (1.221–1.49) | <0.0001 | |
Exercise | 0.892 | (0.821–0.97) | <0.0001 | |
Drinking | 1.057 | (0.966–1.156) | <0.0001 | |
Breakfast frequency | 5–7/week | 1 | Reference | |
3–4/week | 1.104 | (0.952–1.28) | 0.545 | |
1–2/week | 1.301 | (1.123–1.508) | 0.245 | |
Rare | 1.165 | (1.016–1.337) | 0.029 | |
Lunch frequency | 5–7/week | 1 | Reference | |
3–4/week | 1.153 | (0.946–1.406) | 0.312 | |
1–2/week | 1.330 | (0.943–1.876) | 0.791 | |
Rare | 1.415 | (1.005–1.992) | 0.046 | |
Dinner frequency | 5–7/week | 1 | Reference | |
3–4/week | 1.034 | (0.878–1.218) | 0.692 | |
1–2/week | 0.833 | (0.548–1.267) | 0.897 | |
Rare | 0.882 | (0.407–1.912) | 0.751 | |
Eating out | ≥2/day | 1.250 | (1.006–1.552) | |
1/day | 1.103 | (0.906–1.343) | ||
5–6/week | 0.899 | (0.739–1.094) | ||
3–4/week | 0.971 | (0.78–1.208) | ||
1–2/week | 1.008 | (0.833–1.22) | ||
1–3/month | 1.064 | (0.868–1.304) | ||
Rare | 1 | Reference | ||
Companion for breakfast | Yes | 1 | Reference | |
No | 1.008 | (0.903–1.126) | 0.001 | |
Companion for lunch | Yes | 1 | Reference | |
No | 1.029 | (0.932–1.136) | 0.018 | |
Companion for dinner | Yes | 1 | Reference | |
No | 0.958 | (0.857–1.07) | 0.335 | |
WC | 1.237 | (1.227–1.247) | <0.0001 | |
BMI | 2.389 | (2.309–2.471) | <0.0001 | |
Fasting glucose | 1.021 | (1.018–1.023) | <0.0001 | |
HbA1c | 1.829 | (1.707–1.96) | <0.0001 | |
TC | 1.008 | (1.006–1.009) | <0.0001 | |
HDL-C | 0.948 | (0.944–0.952) | <0.0001 | |
TG | 1.004 | (1.003–1.005) | <0.0001 | |
LDL-C | 1.008 | (1.005–1.011) | <0.0001 | |
Stress recognition | 1.316 | (1.203–1.44) | <0.0001 | |
EQ-5D | 2.255 | (1.533–3.317) | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: HRQoL, health-related quality of life; NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body-mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Stress, if ‘1’ is recorded for the stress question; EQ-5D, EuroQol- 5 Dimension; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Definitions: Age, 10-year increase; Smoking, the percentage of individuals who is currently smoking (within two year); alcohol, the percentage of alcohol intake more than once a month in the last year; breakfast (lunch and dinner) frequency, breakfast (lunch and dinner) dinner frequency for 1 week in the last year. a The p-value was determined through the complex sample logistic regression test.