Table 3.
Association between NAFLD and dietary habits, stress, and HRQoL.
| OR | (95% CI) | p-Value a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breakfast frequency | 5–7/week | 1 | Reference | |
| 3–4/week | 1.052 | 0.890–1.243 | 0.925 | |
| 1–2/week | 1.246 | 1.053–1.474 | 0.076 | |
| Rare | 1.042 | 0.890–1.221 | 0.609 | |
| Lunch frequency | 5–7/week | 1 | Reference | |
| 3–4/week | 1.116 | 0.903–1.378 | 0.399 | |
| 1–2/week | 1.291 | 0.907–1.836 | 0.891 | |
| Rare | 1.333 | 0.940–1.890 | 0.107 | |
| Dinner frequency | 5–7/week | 1 | Reference | |
| 3–4/week | 1.025 | 0.852–1.233 | 0.313 | |
| 1–2/week | 0.861 | 0.563–1.317 | 0.568 | |
| Rare | 0.653 | 0.278–1.533 | 0.327 | |
| Stress | 1.314 | 1.175–1.469 | <0.0001 | |
| EQ-5D | 3.028 | 1.893–4.844 | <0.0001 | |
Abbreviations: HRQoL, health-related quality of life; NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; EQ-5D, EuroQoL- 5 Dimension; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Definitions: Age, 10-year increase; breakfast (lunch and dinner) frequency, breakfast (lunch and dinner) dinner frequency for 1 week in the last year; Stress, if ‘1’ is recorded for the stress question. Adjusted for sex, age, education level, smoking, and exercise. a The ORs and 95% CI are determined through the complex sample logistic regression test.