Figure 2.

Simplified flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. All classes of flavonoids can be further modified to yield different derivatives with a variety of functions, such as storage and transportation. Malonyl-CoA results from the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, which is a product of glycolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation. PAL: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H: cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL: 4-coumarate-CoA ligase; CHS: chalcone synthase; CHR: chalcone reductase; CHI: chalcone isomerase; IFS: isoflavone synthase; FNS: flavone synthase; FLS: flavonol synthase; F3H: flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3’H: flavanone 3’-hydroxylase; DFR: dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; LDOX: leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase; UFGT: UDP-glucose: flavonoid-3-O-glycosyltransferase; LAR: leucoanthocyanidin reductase.