Table 1.
In vitro studies on the antineoplastic effects of Rosemary.
| In Vitro Studies | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disease | Cells | Rosemary Derivative | Mechanisms of Action | Ref. |
| Colon Cancer | HT-29, HCT 116, SW480 | CA | Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation (increase of Bax; stimulation of caspase-3 -9; reduction of Bcl-2, Mdms, Bcl-xl; block of the reporter gene of STAT 3; inhibition of the phosphorylation of JAK2 and src kinases; reduced expression of cyclin D1, D2, D3, surviving). | [39] |
| Tumour cells derived from a primary cancer | Rosemary derivative | Cytotoxic effect | [40] | |
| Colon cancer cell lines | CA | Stimulation of the unfolded protein response mirroring ER stress | [34] | |
| Colon cancer cell lines | CS | Block of chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome | [34] | |
| HT 29 cells | Supercritical rosemary extract | Proteomic modifications (adaptive responses to decrease the stress) | [41] | |
| DLD-1, SW620 | Supercritical rosemary extract | Block of anchorage-independent cell growth | [42,43] | |
| HGUE-C-1, SW480 | RE | Reduction in G0/G1 phase; reduction of Bax, HTRA; reduction of survivin. | [44] | |
| HT-29 cells | CA, CS | Modification of glutathione levels, reduction of N-acetylputrescine. | [45] | |
| Gastric carcinoma, Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma | AGS, KYSE30 cell lines. | Crude extract of R. officinalis | G2/M cell cycle arrest | [54] |
| Gastric carcinoma | SNU-1 human gastric cancer cells | Sageone | Augmented phosphorylated Akt; increased cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 | [55] |
| Pancreatic cancer | PANC-1, MIA-PaCa-2 | Supercritical REs | Increase of the metabolic-related gene GCNT3, epigenetic action on miR-15b | [51] |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | HepG2 liver cancer | RE | Reduced apoptosis, ochratoxin and aflatoxin-mediated cell damage, ROS levels and caspase 3 stimulation; increase in caspase 8, NFBIA, TNFSF9, Jun mRNA; reduction in Bcl-2 mRNA levels | [58,59] |
| Hep-3B | RE | Augment in MRP2 concentrations, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, intracellular ATP levels | [60] | |
| Bel-7402 cells | R. officinalis L. essential oil | Increased cytotoxicity | [61] | |
| Lung cancer | Human non-small cell lung A549 cancer cells | RE | Increased apoptosis; decreased total and phosphorylated Akt, p70S6K and mTOR levels | [66] |
| NCI-H82 and A549 | RA | Diminished hCOX2 function, anti-inflammatory action | [67] | |
| Cerebral neoplasms | GMB cells | CA | Early G2 inhibition; increased expression of p21 WAF; increased apoptosis; increased proteasomal degradation of SOX2, retinoblastoma, cyclyn B1, glial fibrillary acid protein | [72] |
| T98G GMB cells | CA | Increase of Nerve Growth Factor. | [73,74] | |
| IMR-32 neuroblastoma cell | CA | Increase of apoptosis by stimulation of caspases and p38 MAPK; reduced ERK activation. | [75] | |
| Ovarian cancer | A2780, K-OV-3 and HO-8910 cell lines | Essential oils of rosmarinus | Reduction of cell growth; cytotoxic effect. | [61,79] |
| Cervical cancer | Hela cells | Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil | Reduced cell growth | [81] |
| Skin Cancer | Mouse melanoma B16/F10 cells | CS | Reduction of tyrosine phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38, JNK, AKT and inhibition of activation of transcription factors c-Jun and NF kappa-B | [82] |
| BEAC, HT-1080 cell lines | CA | Reduction of cell viability, cell adhesion and diffusion; increased apoptosis; cell cycle arrest | [25,83] | |
| Human melanoma A375 cell line | Hydroalcoholic RE | Cytotoxic and cytostatic actions; effect on ER stress | [84] | |
| Urinary tract cancer | Caki kidney cancer cells | CA | Increased apoptosis via ROS-caused endoplasmic reticular stress. | [99] |
| AHCN, A498, Caki kidney cancer cells | CA | Increase of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis | [100] | |
| Prostate cancer | PC3 cells | CS | Cell cycle arrest at G2 phase; increase of p21 and p27; reduction of cyclin-dependent kinase proteins-2 and -6, cyclin-A, -D1, and -D2; block of PI3K/Akt pathway | [102] |
| 22Rv1, LNCaP cell lines | RE | Reduction of androgen receptor expression | [32] | |
| Breast cancer | Breast cancer cell lines | RE, CS | Inhibitory action on the growth of Estrogen Receptor positive breast cancer cells via target ERβ pathway | [11,62,105,108] |
| Triple-negative breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-157 | CS | Inhibition of cell cycle at the G2 phase; ROS-dependent apoptosis; beciln1-independent autophagy | [109] | |
| ER-negative human breast cancer cells | CA | Increased gene expression of CYP4F3, GCLC, SLC7A11, AKR1C2, TNXRD1, HMOX1, GDF15, PHLDA1, DDIT3. Reduced expression of ID3, CDKN2C | [112] | |
| Acute myeloid leukaemia | Leukaemia HL-60 and K-562 cell lines | RE | Reduction of growth, augmented differentiation | [11,115] |
| K-562 | RA | Hyperosmosis-caused apoptosis; associated ROS/RNS generation | [116] | |
| U937 leukaemia cells | RA | Increased TNF-α-caused apoptosis; reduced TNF-α caused-NF-κB activation; ROS generation | [117] | |
| CCRF-CEM, CEM/ADR 5000 cell lines | RA | Augmented cytotoxicity, necrosis, cell cycle arrest and blockage of p65 nuclear translocation | [120,121] | |
| Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma | ATL cells | CS | Reduction of glutathione | [123] |
| Chronic myeloid leukaemia | CML KBM-7 cell line | CS | Stimulation of programmed cell death and cell cycle arrest; decrease of microRNA-780 | [124] |