Table 1.
Phenotypes and functions of CRM, PPR, DBRH, and SDP proteins in plant growth and development.
| Plant | Gene Name | Gene Number | Location | Molecular Function | Mutant Phenotype | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. thaliana | CRM family | |||||
| AtCRS1 | At5g16180 | C | Splicing of group II intron (atpF) | Small and albino seedling | [28,56] | |
| AtCAF1 | At2g20020 | C | Splicing of group II introns (petD, rpl16, rps16, ndhA, rpoC1, ycf3-1, clpP-1, and trnG) | Albino seedling | [56] | |
| AtCAF2 | At1g23400 | C | Splicing of group II introns (ndhA, ndhB, petB, ycf3-1, and rps12-1) | Small and pale green seedling | [56] | |
| AtCFM2 | At3g01370 | C | Splicing of group I (trnL) and group II introns (ndhA, ycf3-1, and clpP-2) | Small and albino seedling | [28] | |
| AtCFM3a | At3g23070 | C/M | Splicing of group II intron (ndhB) | Stunted growth | [57] | |
| CFM4 | At4g39040 | C | 16S and 23S rRNA processing | Retarded growth | [24] | |
| mCSF1 | At4g31010 | M | Splicing of multiple mitochondrial introns | Embryo lethal Retarded growth |
[60] | |
| CFM9 | At3g27550 | M | Splicing of multiple mitochondrial introns | Retarded growth | [61] | |
| O. sativa | OsCAF1 | Os01g 0495900 |
C | Splicing of group II introns (atpF, rpl2, rps12, ndhA, ndhB, and ycf3) | Albino seedling | [58] |
| OsCFM2 | Os04g 0464800 |
C | Splicing of group I (trnL) and group II introns (atpF, rpl2, rps12, ndhA, and ycf3-1) | Albino seedling | [59] | |
| OsCFM3 | Os11g 37990 |
C | Splicing of group II introns (ndhB, petD, rpl16, rps16, trnG, and petB) | Albino seedling | [57] | |
| A. thaliana | PPR family | |||||
| OTP51 | At2g15820 | C | Splicing of ycf3 intron2 | Pale yellow seedling | [64] | |
| OTP70 | At4g25270 | C | Splicing of rpoC1 intron | Virescent seedling | [65] | |
| AtPPR4 | At5g04810 | C | Trans-splicing of rps12 intron1 | Embryo lethal, pale green, or albino seedling | [25] | |
| EMB2654 | At2g41720 | C | Trans-splicing of rps12 intron1 | Embryo lethal, pale green, or albino seedling | [66] | |
| PBF2 | At3g42630 | C | Splicing of ycf3 intron1 | Small and pale yellowish seedling | [67] | |
| SOT5/EMB2279 | At1g30610 | C | Splicing of rpl2 and trnK intron | Virescent seedling | [68] | |
| HCF152 | At3g09660 | C | Stabilization or processing of psbB-psbT-psbH-petB-petD | High chlorophyll fluorescence | [69] | |
| MRL1 | At4g34830 | C | Stabilization of rbcL | Pale green seedling | [70] | |
| PGR3 | At4g31850 | C | Stabilization of petL and probably ndhA | High chlorophyll fluorescence | [71] | |
| BFA2 | At4g30825 | C | Stabilization of atpH/F | Stunted growth | [72] | |
| AtPPR2 | At3g06430 | C | Chloroplast 23S rRNA processing | Embryo lethal or albino seedling | [75] | |
| SOT1 | At5g46580 | C | Chloroplast 23S-4.5 rRNA processing | Small and pale green seedling | [76] | |
| PPR287 | At4g59040 | C | Processing of chloroplast 16S, 23S, 4.5S, and 5S rRNAs | Yellowish seedling | [77] | |
| OTP43 | At1g74900 | M | Trans-splicing of nad1 intron1 | Small and delayed development | [78] | |
| BIR6 | At3g48250 | M | Splicing of nad7 intron1 | Small and retarded growth | [79] | |
|
TANG2
OTP439 |
At1g19290 At3g48810 |
M | Splicing of nad5 intron2 and 3 | Retarded growth | [80] | |
| SLO3 | At3g61360 | M | Splicing of nad7 intron2 | Delayed growth and development | [81] | |
|
MISF26
MISF68 MISF74 |
At1g66345 At3g16010 At4g01400 |
M | Splicing of nad2 intron3 (MISF26) Splicing of nad2 intron2, nad4 intron1, and nad5 intron4 (MISF68) Splicing of nad1 intron4 and nad2 intron4 (MISF74) |
Delayed growth | [82] | |
| EMB2794 | At2g02150 | M | Trans-splicing of nad2 intron2 | Retarded growth and developmental defect | [83] | |
| MTSF1 | At1g06710 | M | Stabilization of nad4 | Retarded growth | [84] | |
| PPR19 | At1g52620 | M | Stabilization of nad1 intron3 | Retarded growth and developmental defect | [85] | |
| Z. mays | PPR4 | Zm00001d026654 | C | Trans-splicing of rps12 intron1 | Seedling lethal pale green, or albino seedling |
[62] |
| THA8 | GRMZM2G466032 | C | Splicing of ycf3 intron2 and trnA intron | Pale green seedling | [63] | |
| ZmPPR5 | GRMZM2G025409 | C | Splicing of trnG intron | Seedling lethal or pale green seedling | [73] | |
| PPR10 | GRMZM2G177169 | C | Stabilization of atpH and psaJ | Seedling lethal or yellowish green seedling | [74] | |
| A. thaliana | DBRH family | |||||
| RH3 | At5g26742 | C | Splicing of group II introns (trnI, trnA, rps12-1, rps12-2, and rpl2) and chloroplast 23S rRNA processing | Embryo lethal or pale green seedling | [88] | |
| ISE2 | At1g70070 | C | Splicing of group II introns (rpl2, atpF, rps12, and clpP) | Chlorotic seedling | [92] | |
| PMH2 | At3g22330 | M | Splicing of nad2 introns | Similar to wild-type | [93] | |
| RH22 | At1g59990 | C | Chloroplast 23S-4.5S rRNA processing | Embryo lethal or virescent seedling | [94] | |
| RH39 | At4g09730 | C | Chloroplast 23S rRNA processing | Retarded growth | [95] | |
| RH50 | At3g06980 | C | Chloroplast 23S-4.5S rRNA maturation | Similar to wild-type | [89] | |
| A. thaliana | SDP family | |||||
| SDP | At1g12800 | C | Processing of chloroplast 16S, 23S, 4.5S, and 5S rRNAs | Pale green seedling | [21] | |
| RLSB | At1g71720 | C | Regulation of rbcL mRNA | Reduced seedling size | [96] | |
| N. benthamiana | STF | HM012811 | C | Regulation of plastid transcription | Yellowish leaves | [97] |