Table 1.
Characteristics of trial.
| First Author (Vegetarian vs. Control) |
Year | Area | Age, Mean ± SD (Range) | Gender, n (%) | Medication (%) | Baseline BMI, Mean ± SD (Range) |
Energy Intake Difference † | Weight Difference † | Diabetes | Vegetarian/Vegan | Control Group | Trial Duration | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vegan | Conventional Diet | Vegan | Conventional Diet | Vegan | Conventional Diet | Vegan | Conventional Diet | |||||||||
| Barnard et al., 2009 (Low-fat vegan diet vs. conventional diabetes diet) | 2013 | USA | 56.7 ± 9.8 (35–82) |
54.6 ± 10.2 (27–80) |
Male, 22 (45); Female, 27 (55) |
Male, 17 (34); Female, 33 (66) |
DM (78); HPT (76); LIPID (54) |
DM (69); HPT (63); LIPID (55) |
N/A | N/A | 0.90 | 0.25 | With Diabetes | Vegan | meat diet | 74 weeks |
| Barnard et al., 2017 (Low-fat vegan diet vs. portion-controlled eating plan) | 2017 | USA | 61 (41–79) | 61 (30–75) | Male, 8 (38); Female, 13 (62) |
Male, 13 (54); Female, 11 (46) |
N/A | N/A | 34.9 ± 1.5 | 33.0 ± 1.3 | 0.46 | 0.10 | With Diabetes | Vegan | Meat diet | 20 weeks |
| Bloomer et al., 2015 (Traditional Daniel fast vs. Modified Daniel fast) | 2015 | USA | 33 ± 2 years (18–67 years) |
Male, 6 (17.1); Female, 29 (82.9) |
N/A | N/A | 26.2 ± 1.3 (19–45) |
25.6 ± 1.4 (19–45) |
0.04 | >0.05 | Without Diabetes | Vegan | Meat diet | 3 weeks | ||
| Ferdowsian et al., 2010 (low-fat vegan diet vs. control diet) | 2010 | USA | 44.4 (21–65) |
Male, 20 (17.7); Female, 93 (82.3) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.017 | <0.0001 | With Diabetes | Vegan | Meat diet | 22 weeks | ||
| Hunt et al., 1998 (Lacto-ovo-vegetarian vs. non-vegetarian diet) | 1998 | USA | 33 ± 7 (20–42) |
Female, 21 women (100) | No, with the exception that 9 used hormonal contraceptives | 23.5 ± 2.8 (range: 19.0–29.0) |
N/A | N/A | Without Diabetes | Lacto-ovo-vegetarian | Meat diet | 8 weeks | ||||
| Lee et al., 2016 (Brown rice vegan diet vs. conventional diabetic diet) | 2016 | South Korea | 57.5 ± 7.7 (32–70) |
58.3 ± 7.0 (40–69) |
Male, 6 (13.0); Female, 40 (87.0) |
Male, 12 (25.5); Female, 35 (74.5) |
DM (73.9); HPT (39.1); LIPID (50) |
DM (76.6); HPT (46.8); LIPID (55.3) |
23.9 ± 3.4 | 23.1 ± 2.4 | 0.042 | N/A | With Diabetes | Vegan | Meat diet | 12 weeks |
| Macknin et al., 2015 (Plant-based low fat diet vs. American Heart Association diets) | 2015 | USA | 15.0 (9.0–18.0) |
15.0 (9.0–18.0) |
Male, 5 (36); Female, 9 (64) |
Male, 5 (36); Female, 9 (64) |
N/A | N/A | Overweight, 4 (29%); Obese, 10 (71%) |
Overweight, 2(14%); Obese, 12 (86%) |
N/A | N/A | Without Diabetes | Vegan | Meat diet | 4 weeks |
| Mishra et al., 2013 (low-fat vegan diet vs. control diet) | 2013 | USA | 44.3 ± 15.3 | 46.1 ± 13.6 | Male, 32 (23); Female, 110 (77) |
Male, 18 (12); Female, 132 (88) |
N/A | N/A | 34.7 ± 0.6 | 35.3 ± 0.7 | 0.09 | <0.001 | With Diabetes | Vegan | Meat diet | 18 weeks |
| Nicholson et al., 1999 (low-fat Vegan diet vs. control diet) | 1999 | USA | Mean 54.3 | Male, (54.5); Female (45.5) |
81.80 | N/A | N/A | N/A | With Diabetes | Vegan | Meat diet | 12 weeks | ||||
| Prescott et al., 1987 (Lacto-ovo-vegetarian vs. non-vegetarian diet) | 1987 | Australia | 36.4 ± 2.4 | 34.0 ± 2.1 | Male, 9; Female, 16 |
Male, 11; Female, 14 |
N/A | N/A | 25.3 ± 0.9 | 25.5 ± 1.0 | N/A | N/A | Without Diabetes | Lacto-ovo-vegetarian | Meat diet | 12 weeks |
| Ramal et al., 2017 (High-fiber low-fat plant based diet vs. control diet) | 2017 | USA | 53.35 ± 6.74 | 52.93 ± 13.11 | Male, 4 (23.5); Female, 13 (76.5) | Male, 3 (20.0); Female, 12 (80.0) |
15 (88.2) | 13 (86.7) | 31.81 ± 1.01 | 30.84 ± 1.08 | N/A | N/A | With Diabetes | Vegan | Meat diet | 24 weeks |
| Rouse et al., 1986 (Lacto-ovo-vegetarian vs. non-vegetarian diet) | 1986 | Australia | Mean 40.1 | Male (50); Female (50) |
no | 23.7 | N/A | N/A | Without Diabetes | Lacto-ovo-vegetarian | Meat diet | 14 weeks | ||||
| Sciarrone et al., 1993 (Lacto-ovo-vegetarian vs. non-vegetarian diet) | 1993 | Australia | Mean 41 | Male (100) | no | 25.3 | N/A | N/A | Without Diabetes | Lacto-ovo-vegetarian | Meat diet | 6 weeks | ||||
| Toobert et al., 2000 (Prime time diet vs. Usual care diet) | 2000 | USA | 64 ± 10 | 63 ± 11 | Female, 25 (100) | ERT (35.7); HPT (71.4); LIPID (28.6) |
ERT (45.5); HPT (81.8); LIPID (45.5) |
32 ± 4.2 | 32 ± 5.5 | N/A | N/A | Without Diabetes | Lacto-ovo-vegetarian | Meat diet | 24 months | |
| Wright et al., 2017 (Low-fat plant-based diet vs. control diet) | 2017 | New Zealand | 56 ± 9.9 | 56 ± 9.5 | Male, 11 (33); Female, 22 (67) | Male, 15 (47); Female, 17 (53) | N/A | N/A | 34.5 ± 1.6 | 34.2 ± 2.3 | N/A | N/A | With Diabetes | Vegan | Meat diet | 48 weeks |
Data are presented in either mean ± standard deviation (SD), range or n (%). Additional information on characteristics of the trials is presented in Table S2. † Refers to p value for t tests for between-group (vegetarian diets compared with control diets) comparisons of changes from baseline to final values. vs. = versus; N/A = Not available.