Table 1.

Summary of the roles of TRPV1 channels in atherosclerosis.

TRPV1 Activation	Experimental Model		Beneficial Effects of TRPV1 Activation	Reference(s)
capsaicin	in vitro	HUVEC cell culture	reduced oxLDL induced ROS generation	[66]
in vivo by dietary capsaicin		VSMC of WT or TRPV1 KO mice on high-fat diet	reduced foam cell formation	[67]
dihydrocapsaicin		human monocytic THP-1 macrophage cell culture	downregulated LPS induced proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6)	[58]
capsaicin		VSMC of ApoE, TRPV1 double KO mouse	reduced lipid accumulation	[57]
CuS-TRPV1 antibody nanoparticles excited by near infrared light		VSMC of ApoE KO mouse	inhibited foam cell formation	[72]
dietary capsaicin (24 weeks)	in vivo	Apo E, TRPV1 double KO mouse on high-fat diet	reduced lipid storage and atherosclerotic lesions	[57]
daily oral gavage of dihydrocapsaicin (12 weeks)		Apo E KO mouse on high fat diet	downregulated proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6)	[58]
dietary evodiamine activation		Apo E, TRPV1 double KO mouse	alleviation of hyperlipidemia, inflammation and hepatic macrovesicular steatosis	[71]
dietary capsaicin (24 weeks)		ApoE, TRPV1 double KO mouse on high-fat diet	prolonged survival, upregulated uncoupling protein 2 expression	[56]
CuS-TRPV1 antibody nanoparticles excited by near infrared light		ApoE KO mouse	attenuated atherosclerotic lesion	[72]