Table 2.

Role of the capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic nerves and the TRPV1 channel in I/R injury, AMI, and cardiac ischemic conditions.

Experimental Model		TRPV1 Modulation	Effects of TRPV1 on Major Study Endpoints	Role of TRPV1 Activation	Reference
AMI + sensory desensitization	farm pig high dose capsaicin	↓	decreased infarct size and increased CGRP level	beneficial	[42]
	in vivo rat neonatal capsaicin treatment	↓	decreased infarct	beneficial	[77]
Ischemia reperfusion injury	H9C2 cell, capsazepine or TRPV1 siRNA	↓	decreased cell viability	detrimental	[79]
	ex vivo TRPV1 KO mouse	↓	decreased infarct size	beneficial	[80]
	ex vivo TRPV1 KO mouse, capsazepine	↓	improved systolic and diastolic functions	beneficial	[81]
	in vivo rat Lentivirus-mediated spinal NGF gene knockdown-induced TRPV1 downregulation	↓	increased infarct size	detrimental	[84]
	in vivo rat Lentivirus-mediated spinal NGF gene knockdown-induced TRPV1 downregulation or capsazepine induced TRPV1 inhibition	↓	increased infarct size	detrimental	[85]
	ex vivo diabetic mouse Adenovirus-mediated NGF gene delivery induced TRPV1 upregulation	↑	Elevated cardiac CGRP level and improved systolic and diastolic functions	beneficial	[86]
Sitagliptin-induced cardioprotection	ex vivo rat AMI, capsazepine and co-administration of sitagliptin	↓	capsazepine abolished infarct size limiting effects of sitagliptin	beneficial	[87]
Morphine-induced cardioprotection	in vivo rat AMI, capsazepine or P5	↓	decreased infarct size	beneficial	[88]
Early or delayed preconditioning	in vivo/ex vivo rat AMI high dose capsaicin	↓	abolished preconditioning-induced cardioprotection	beneficial	[91,92,93,94]
Pacing-induced preconditioning	ex vivo rat AMI	↓	abolished preconditioning-induced cardioprotection	beneficial	[40]
Remote ischemic preconditioning	in vivo rat AMI, RIPC induced TRPV1 upregulation	↑	decreased infarct size	beneficial	[95]
Remote ischemic postconditioning	in vivo rat AMI, capsazepine	↓	decreased infarct size	beneficial	[96]
Ischemic postconditioning	type 1 diabetic rat ex vivo AMI, capsazepine	↓	abolished IPost-induced cardioprotection	beneficial	[97]