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. 2020 Jun 1;12(6):1623. doi: 10.3390/nu12061623

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effect of Grape Seed Extract (GSE) on mitochondrial damage in Caco-2 cells induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). (A) After the cells were treated with LPS, GSE, and LPS + GSE for 24 h, mitochondrial membrane potential was measured revealing decreased membrane potential in LPS-treated cells compared to control while GSE treatment restored membrane potential. (B) Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly increased in LPS-treated cells compared to control and control levels were restored by treatment with GSE as measured by 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH2-DA) fluorescence. (C) Mitochondrial superoxide was assessed with mitosox red dye revealing an increase in mitochondrial ROS in LPS-treated cells which was reduced by treatment with GSE. Error bars indicate ± S.D. (n = 3). *, **, and *** indicate the data were significantly different relative to LPS-treated cells with p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001 respectively using Tukey’s test. NT, Non-Treated.