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Effect of GSE on electrical resistance across (A) the tight junction barrier integrity measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and (B) TJP1 gene expression in Caco-2 cells were significantly reduced in LPS-treated cells and restored by cotreatment with GSE. Error bars indicate ± S.D. (n = 3). * and ** indicate the data were significantly different relative to LPS-treated cells with p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01 respectively using Tukey’s test.
