Anticancer effects of eupatilin on ovarian cancer. (A) The effects of eupatilin on the cell viability of ES2 and OV90 ovarian cancer cell lines. (B) Evaluation of cell death mechanisms in eupatilin-treated ES2 and OV90 cells using annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) dual-staining analysis. (C) Apoptotic cells were stained with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), a red fluorescent dye. DAPI, a blue fluorescent dye, was used as a positive control in both ES2 and OV90 cells treated with eupatilin. The scale bar indicates 20 μm. (D) ES2 and OV90 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of eupatilin and stained with PI to estimate cell cycle distribution using a flow cytometer. The experiments were performed in triplicate. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation, and asterisks indicate that the effect of treatment was statistically significant (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001).