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. 2020 Jun 3;12(6):1459. doi: 10.3390/cancers12061459

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Calcium-induced pathway using specific calcium channel inhibitors with eupatilin treatment. (A) Effects of eupatilin on ER–mitochondria axis in ovarian cancer cells by western blot analysis. (B) Effects of eupatilin and each calcium channel inhibitor, IP3R (2-APB), intracellular calcium (BAPTA), and sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase (SERCA) pump (ruthenium red, RuR) on the proliferation of ES2 and OV90 cells. (C,D) Effects of eupatilin with each different calcium channel inhibitor on intracellular (C) and mitochondrial (D) calcium levels in ES2 and OV90 cells. (E) Effects of eupatilin with each calcium channel inhibitor on mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (ΔΨm) in ES2 and OV90 cells by JC-1 staining. The experiments were performed in triplicate. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation, and asterisks indicate that the effect of treatment was statistically significant (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001). A lowercase letter (a) indicates significant changes (p < 0.05) compared with eupatilin alone. Detailed information about the western blot can be found in Figure S2.