Table 1.

Nanoparticles-based therapeutic incorporated with growth factors for diabetic wound healing.

Type of Nanoparticles	Incorporated Growth Factors	In-Vitro Model	In-Vivo Model	Results	Route of Administration	Ref.
SLN and NLC nanoparticles	rhEGF	Fibroblasts, keratinocytes	8 mm in diameter skin wound was created in diabetic male db/db mice	rhEGF loaded lipid nanoparticles exhibited higher fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation and greater resolution of inflammation re-epithelialization and significant wound closure compared to free rhEGF	Topical SLN-rhEGF and NLC-rhEGF dressing of nanoparticles at wound site	[81]
PLGA nanoparticles	VEGF, bFGF	_	8 mm in diameter skin wound was created in diabetic male db/db mice	VEGF and bFGF loaded nanoparticles treated wound stimulated significant granulation tissue formation, collagen secretion and re-epithelialization, and accelerated wound closure compared to controls and NPs without biomolecules	Topical dressing of nanoparticles incorporated polydimethylsiloxane/fibrin-based scaffold at wound site	[82]
NaCMCh nanoparticles	rhEGF	Fibroblast	20 mm in diameter skin wound was created in diabetic male Sprague–Dawley rats	Nanoparticles-treated cells showed higher cell viability with enhanced wound healing rate when compared to controls and free rhEGF	Topical dressing of nanoparticles incorporated chitosan-based hydrogel at wound site	[83]
Gelatin nanoparticles	VEGF, PDGF, bFGF, EGF	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)	15 mm in diameter skin wound was created in diabetic male Sprague–Dawley rats	Gelatin nanoparticles loaded with multiple angiogenic growth factors showed high cell proliferation and accelerated complete healing along with enhanced collagen synthesis, re-epithelialization and vascularization compared to controls	Topical dressing of drug loaded collagen/ hyaluronic acid nanofibrous scaffold at wound site.	[84]
AuNPs	KGF	Keratinocytes	10 mm in diameter skin wound was created in diabetic rats	KGF-AuNPs increased healing effect compared to free KGF and nanoconjugate promoted re-epithelialization and wound contraction along with elevated expression of Col-I, α-SMA and TGF-β1, leading to accelerated wound healing compared to controls	Topical gelatin hydrogel dressing encapsulated with KGF-AuNPs	[85]