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. 2020 Jun 4;10(6):1110. doi: 10.3390/nano10061110

Table 2.

Conclusions on the review of the literature regarding the safety of titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles.

Type of Usage/Application of TiO2 NPs Conclusions
Food additive E171
Inline graphic 		The absorption of TiO2 from the digestive tract. Generally considered as extremely low.
Safety of the long-term dietary exposure to TiO2 NPs. Still uncertain: potential toxic effects may concern the absorption, distribution, and accumulation of TiO2 NPs.
Potential risks caused by TiO2 NPs. Genotoxicity, inflammatory response, carcinogenesis.
Lack of established, acceptable daily intake limits.
Sunscreen formulation
Inline graphic 		Penetration of TiO2 NPs through the SC. Lack of certainty.
Generation of ROS on the skin surface and underneath—potential penetration through the skin and harmful effects? Some evidence on the increase in oxidative stress marker levels has been reported.
Lack of standardized guidelines for the quality control of sunscreens.