Table 2.
Comparison of adolescents’ dietary trends before and during COVID-19 confinement classified by sociodemographic and familiar characteristics.
| Variables | Legumes | Fried Food | Vegetables | Sweet Food | Fruits | Sugar-Sweetened Beverages | Processed Meat | Fast Food | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 95% IC | p-Value | Mean | 95% IC | p-Value | Mean | 95% IC | p-Value | Mean | 95% IC | p-Value | Mean | 95% IC | p-Value | Mean | 95% IC | p-Value | Mean | 95% IC | p-Value | Mean | 95% IC | p-Value | |
| Gender (N = 810) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 2.3–2.4 | (2.1–2.6)–(2.2–2.6) | 0.1223 | 1.8–1.9 | (1.6–2.0)–(1.8–2.1) | 0.0803 | 4.3–4.6 | (4.1–4.6)–(4.3–4.8) | 0.0028 ** | 3.1–3.3 | (2.8–3.3)–(3.0–3.6) | 0.0174 * | 3.7–3.9 | (3.5–4.0)–(3.7–4.2) | 0.0556 | 2.3–2.4 | (2.1–2.7)–(2.0–2.6) | 0.193 | 2.9–3.0 | (2.6–3.1)–(2.8–3.3) | 0.0182 * | 0.9–0.6 | (0.8–1.0)–(0.5–0.7) | <0.0001 *** |
| Female | 2.3–2.4 | (2.1–2.5)–(2.3–2.6) | 0.0768 | 1.7–1.9 | (1.6–1.8)–(1.7–2.0) | 0.0224 * | 4.8–5.1 | (4.6–5.0)–(4.9–5.3) | <0.0001 *** | 3.3–3.6 | (3.2–3.5)–(3.4–3.8) | 0.0067 ** | 4.0–4.4 | (3.7–4.2)–(4.1–4.6) | <0.0001 *** | 1.9–1.9 | (1.7–2.1)–(1.7–2.1) | 0.9232 | 2.8–2.8 | (2.6–3.0)–(2.6–2.9) | 0.3263 | 1.0–0.6 | (0.9–1.1)–(0.5–0.6) | <0.0001 *** |
| Age (years) (N = 820) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ≤14 | 2.3–2.3 | (2.0–2.6) – (2.0–2.6) | >0.9999 | 1.3–1.6 | (1.1–1.5)–(1.4–1.8) | 0.0025 ** | 4.9–5.0 | (4.5–5.2)–(4.7–5.3) | 0.0707 | 3.2–3.5 | (2.9–3.3)–(3.1–3.8) | 0.0386 * | 4.1–4.2 | (3.8–4.4)–(3.9–4.5) | 0.4900 | 1.8–2.0 | (1.5–2.1)–(1.7–2.3) | 0.0518 | 2.6–2.8 | (2.4–2.9)–(2.5–3.0) | 0.2457 | 0.8–0.6 | (0.6–0.9)–(0.4–0.7) | 0.0056 ** |
| 15–16 | 2.4–2.5 | (2.1–2.6) – (2.3–2.7) | 0.0954 | 1.9–1.9 | (1.7–2.2)–(1.7–2.2) | 0.9258 | 4.4–4.9 | (4.1–4.7)–(4.6–5.1) | <0.0001 *** | 3.6–3.8 | (3.4–3.9)–(3.5–4.1) | 0.2576 | 4.1–4.3 | (3.8–4.4)–(4.0–4.7) | 0.0139 * | 2.2–2.1 | (1.9–2.5)–(1.8–2.4) | 0.469 | 2.7–2.8 | (2.5–3.0)–(2.5–3.0) | 0.8028 | 1.0–0.5 | (0.9–1.2)–(0.4–0.6) | <0.0001 *** |
| ≥17 | 2.4–2.5 | (2.1–2.6) – (2.3–2.7) | 0.0237 * | 2.0–2.1 | (1.8–2.1)–(1.9–2.3) | 0.0448 * | 4.6–4.8 | (4.3–4.8)–(4.6–5.1) | 0.002 ** | 3.0–3.4 | (2.8–3.2)–(3.2–3.6) | 0.001 ** | 3.6–4.1 | (3.8–3.9)–(3.8–4.4) | <0.0001 *** | 2.1–2.2 | (1.9–2.3)–(1.9–2.4) | 0.5048 | 3.0–3.0 | (2.8–3.2)–(2.8–3.3) | 0.9426 | 1.1–0.6 | (0.9–1.2)–(0.6–0.7) | <0.0001 *** |
| Country (N = 820) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spain | 2.5–2.5 | (2.3–2.7) – (2.3–2.8) | 0.9375 | 2.2–2.3 | (2.0–2.5)–(2.0–2.5) | 0.7728 | 4.5–4.9 | (4.1–4.8)–(4.6–5.2) | <0.0001 *** | 2.7–3.1 | (2.4–3.0)–(2.8–3.5) | 0.0075 ** | 4.5–5.1 | (4.1–4.9)–(4.7–5.5) | 0.0008 *** | 1.4–1.5 | (1.1–1.6)–(1.2–1.8) | 0.2383 | 2.7–3.0 | (2.4–3.0)–(2.7–3.3) | 0.0534 | 0.8–0.2 | (0.7–1.0)–(0.1–0.3) | <0.0001 *** |
| Italy | 1.6–1.8 | (1.4–1.8) – (1.5–2.0) | 0.0308 * | 1.2–1.4 | (1.0–1.4)–(1.2–1.6) | 0.0375 * | 4.5–4.7 | (4.2–4.9)–(4.4–5.1) | 0.0723 | 3.7–4.2 | (3.4–4.0)–(3.9–4.5) | <0.0001 *** | 4.2–4.5 | (3.9–4.6)–(4.2–4.9) | 0.0172 * | 1.8–1.9 | (1.4–2.0)–(1.6–2.2) | 0.1321 | 3.0–3.0 | (2.7–3.3)–(2.7–3.3) | 0.6935 | 0.7–0.5 | (0.6–0.9)–(0.4–0.6) | 0.0114 * |
| Brazil | 5.1–4.7 | (4.7–5.5) – (4.3–5.1) | 0.0031 ** | 1.6–1.7 | (1.4–1.7)–(1.5–1.9) | 0.1613 | 4.4–4.6 | (4.1–4.6)–(4.3–4.9) | 0.0039 ** | 3.1–4.0 | (2.9–3.4)–(3.7–4.3) | <0.0001 *** | 3.6–3.9 | (3.3–3.9)–(3.6–4.2) | 0.0097 ** | 1.6–2.0 | (1.2–1.9)–(1.5–2.4) | 0.03 * | 3.2–3.3 | (3.0–3.4)–(3.0–3.5) | 0.3427 | 1.4–0.8 | (1.2–1.6)–(0.5–1.0) | <0.0001 *** |
| Colombia | 2.2–2.6 | (2.0–2.5)–(2.3–2.9) | 0.0026 ** | 2.7–2.7 | (2.4–3.0)–(2.4–3.1) | 0.7284 | 3.9–4.0 | (3.6–4.3)–(3.7–4.4) | 0.4793 | 3.4–3.4 | (3.1–3.6)–(3.2–3.7) | 0.7301 | 3.5–3.8 | (3.2–3.7)–(3.5–4.1) | 0.0195 * | 3.0–2.5 | (2.6–3.3)–(2.2–2.8) | 0.0008 *** | 3.0–3.0 | (2.7–3.2)–(2.7–3.1) | 0.4084 | 1.3–0.7 | (1.1–1.4)–(0.5–0.8) | <0.0001 *** |
| Chile | 1.4–1.6 | (1.3–1.5)–(1.4–1.7) | 0.0021 | 1.4–1.8 | (1.2–1.6)–(1.6–2.0) | <0.0001 *** | 4.9–5.2 | (4.6–5.1)–(4.9–5.4) | 0.0019 ** | 3.0–3.3 | (2.7–3.2)–(3.0–3.6) | 0.0381 * | 4.1–4.2 | (3.7–4.4)–(3.9–4.5) | 0.2454 | 2.0–2.3 | (1.7–2.3)–(1.9–2.6) | 0.0598 | 2.6–2.6 | (2.4–2.9)–(2.4–2.9) | 0.5145 | 0.8–0.7 | (0.6–1.0)–(0.5–0.8) | 0.0392 * |
| Maternal education (N = 779) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| None | 3.0–3.3 | (1.7–4.9)–(1.5–4.5) | 0.3388 | 1.8–2.2 | (1.2–3.1)–(0.5–3.2) | 0.6326 | 2.9–3.3 | (2.1–4.6)–(1.6–4.3) | 0.2098 | 3.4–4.2 | (2.8–3.9)–(3.6–4.8) | 0.0143 * | 3.3–3.6 | (1.7–4.9)–(2.1–5.1) | 0.6332 | 3.1–3.8 | (2.0–5.6)–(1.2–5.0) | 0.3625 | 2.9–3.3 | (1.6–4.3)–(1.8–4.9) | 0.4699 | 1.6–1.8 | (0.8–2.4)–(0.2–3.3) | 0.7126 |
| Primary | 2.0–2.2 | (1.6–2.4)–(1.8–2.6) | 0.3204 | 2.0–2.0 | (1.7–2.3)–(1.7–2.4) | 0.754 | 4.5–4.9 | (4.1–5.0)–(4.4–5.4) | 0.0883 | 3.2–3.2 | (2.7–3.7)–(2.7–3.7) | 0.8764 | 3.6–3.9 | (3.0–4.1)–(3.4–4.5) | 0.0575 | 1.9–2.0 | (1.5–2.4)–(1.5–2.5) | 0.8761 | 2.8–2.7 | (2.4–3.2)–(2.3–3.1) | 0.6177 | 1.0–0.5 | (0.7–1.2)–(0.3–0.8) | 0.0007 *** |
| Secondary | 2.1–2.2 | (1.–2.4)–(1.8–2.6) | 0.3204 | 1.9–2.1 | (1.6–2.2)–(1.7–2.4) | 0.2244 | 3.8–4.0 | (3.4–4.3)–(3.5–4.4) | 0.2896 | 3.5–3.5 | (3.1–3.9)–(3.0–3.9) | 0.9364 | 2.9–3.1 | (2.5–3.3)–(2.7–3.5) | 0.352 | 2.5–2.6 | (2.1–2.9)–(2.2–3.0) | 0.7131 | 2.9–3.1 | (2.8–3.5)–(2.6–3.4) | 0.226 | 1.0–0.5 | (0.8–1.2)–(0.4–0.7) | <0.0001 *** |
| Professional formation | 2.0–2.3 | (1.7–2.3)–(2.0–2.6) | 0.004** | 1.9–2.3 | (1.7–2.3)–(2.1–2.7) | 0.0025** | 4.8–5.3 | (4.4–5.2)–(5.0–5.7) | 0.0006*** | 3.1–3.5 | (2.7–3.4)–(3.1–3.8) | 0.0321 * | 4.0–4.6 | (3.6–4.4)–(4.2–5.0) | 0.0002 *** | 2.4–2.6 | (2.0–2.8)–(2.2–3.0) | 0.4696 | 2.8–3.1 | (2.5–3.2)–(2.7–3.4) | 0.1009 | 1.0–0.7 | (0.8–1.2)–(0.5–0.8) | 0.0006 *** |
| Complete univesity | 2.5–2.5 | (2.3–2.7)–(2.3–2.7) | 0.7896 | 1.6–1.7 | (1.5–1.8)–(1.5–1.8) | 0.3039 | 4.8–5.2 | (4.6–5.1)–(5.0–5.4) | <0.0001*** | 3.2–3.6 | (3.0–3.4)–(3.4–3.9) | <0.0001 *** | 4.2–4.5 | (4.0–4.5)–(4.3–4.8) | 0.0054 ** | 1.6–1.7 | (1.4–1.8)–(1.5–1.9) | 0.1633 | 2.8–2.8 | (2.6–3.0)–(2.6–3.0) | 0.7943 | 0.9–0.5 | (0.8–1.0)–(0.4–0.6) | <0.0001 *** |
| Family members (N = 820) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ≤3 | 2.3–2.5 | (2.1–2.7)–(2.2–2.8) | 0.0826 | 1.7–1.9 | (1.5–2.0)–(1.7–2.2) | 0.0326 * | 4.6–4.9 | (4.3–4.9)–(4.6–5.2) | 0.0042 ** | 3.3–4.0 | (3.0–3.6)–(3.7–4.3) | <0.0001 *** | 3.7–4.0 | (3.4–4.1)–(3.6–4.3) | 0.0808 | 2.1–2.2 | (1.8–2.4)–(1.9–2.6) | 0.2819 | 2.9–3.0 | (2.6–3.1)–(2.7–3.2) | 0.356 | 1.2–0.7 | (1.0–1.3)–(0.5–0.9) | <0.0001 *** |
| 4–6 | 2.3–2.4 | (2.2–2.5)–(2.3–2.6) | 0.1148 | 1.8–1.9 | (1.6–1.9)–(1.7–2.0) | 0.0354* | 4.6–4.9 | (4.5–4.8)–(4.7–5.1) | <0.0001 *** | 3.3–3.4 | (3.0–3.4)–(3.2–3.6) | 0.0926 | 4.0–4.3 | (3.8–4.2)–(4.0–4.5) | 0.0018 ** | 2.1–2.1 | (1.9–2.2)–(1.9–2.3) | 0.6841 | 2.8–2.8 | (2.6–3.0)–(2.6–3.0) | 0.7992 | 0.9–0.5 | (0.8–1.1)–(0.5–0.6) | <0.0001 *** |
| ≥7 | 2.3–2.4 | (1.8–2.8)–(1.9–3.0) | 0.308 | 2.2–2.2 | (1.7–2.6)–(1.8–2.6) | 0.9168 | 4.1–4.5 | (3.6–4.6)–(4.0–5.0) | 0.0045 ** | 3.0–3.0 | (2.3–3.6)–(2.3–3.7) | 0.9234 | 3.4–4.5 | (2.8–4.0)–(3.9–5.2) | 0.0017 ** | 1.7–1.9 | (1.2–2.2)–(1.4–2.4) | 0.499 | 2.8–2.9 | (2.3–3.3)–(2.4–3.5) | 0.6483 | 0.1–0.3 | (0.6–1.2)–(0.1–0.5) | <0.0001 *** |
| TV during mealtimes (N = 820) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Always | 2.4–2.4 | (2.2–2.6)–(2.3–2.6) | 0.3225 | 2.0–2.3 | (1.9–2.2)–(2.1–2.5) | 0.0003 *** | 4.4–4.6 | (4.2–4.6)–(4.4–4.8) | 0.0208 * | 3.4–3.9 | (3.1–3.6)–(3.6–4.1) | <0.0001 *** | 3.5–3.8 | (3.3–3.8)–(3.5–4.0) | 0.025 * | 2.5–2.5 | (2.2–2.7)–(2.2–2.7) | 0.7866 | 3.0–3.1 | (2.8–3.2)–(2.9–3.3) | 0.2836 | 1.0–0.7 | (0.9–1.1)–(0.6–0.8) | <0.0001 *** |
| Sometimes | 2.0–2.2 | (1.7–2.3)–(2.0–2.4) | 0.067 | 1.6–1.7 | (1.3–1.8)–(1.4–1.9) | 0.2683 | 4.7–5.0 | (4.3–5.0)–(4.6–5.3) | 0.0488 * | 3.3–3.1 | (2.9–3.6)–(2.8–3.5) | 0.3887 | 3.8–4.3 | (3.8–4.6)–(4.1–4.8) | 0.0631 | 2.0–2.0 | (1.6–2.3)–(1.7–2.4) | 0.43 | 2.7–2.8 | (2.4–3.0)–(2.5–3.1) | 0.3175 | 1.0–0.6 | (0.8–1.2)–(0.4–0.8) | 0.0004 *** |
| Never | 2.4–2.5 | (2.2–2.7)–(2.3–2.8) | 0.1096 | 1.5–1.5 | (1.4–1.7)–(1.3–1.7) | 0.5086 | 4.8–5.2 | (4.5–5.0)–(5.0–5.5) | <0.0001 *** | 3.1–3.3 | (2.8–3.3)–(3.0–3.6) | 0.0459 * | 4.2–4.6 | (3.9–4.5)–(4.3–4.9) | 0.0005 *** | 1.5–1.6 | (1.2–1.7)–(1.3–1.9) | 0.3032 | 2.6–2.6 | (2.4–2.9)–(2.3–3.8) | 0.4801 | 0.9–0.4 | (0.7–1.1)–(0.3–0.5) | <0.0001 *** |
Paired two-way Student’s t-test. Data are shown as mean of food intakes and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001, *** p < 0.0001. N = 820.