Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in Systematic Review.
| Study Characteristics | Adverse Outcomes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author (Year) |
Study Design (Study Type) |
Number Treated (Cr:Pl) |
Population Type (Mean Age ± SD) (Cr:Pl) |
Dosing Regimen M, C or L (Total Days Duration) |
General Symptoms (R, S, T.) |
Renal System |
Hepatic System | Body Comp |
| AGUIAR (2013) |
DBRPCT (E) |
18 (9:9) |
Post-menopausal (64 ± 4:65 ± 6) |
M 5 g/day (84) |
No AE’s reported (R) |
- | - | No effect |
| ALVES (2013) |
DBRPCT (T) |
32 (16:16) |
Pre-menopausal (48.7 ± 10.1:49 ± 8.4) | C 20 g/day (5) then 5 g/day (107) |
No AE’s reported (S) |
No difference between pre-and post-intervention | - | - |
| ATAKAN (2018) |
DBRPCT (E) |
30 (15:15) |
Pre-menopausal (19.8 ± 1.1, all) |
L 0.25 g/kg/day (7) |
- | - | - | No effect |
| AYOAMA (2003) |
DBRPCPT (E) |
26 (13:13) |
Pre-menopausal (19.4 ± 0.8:19.3 ± 0.7) | C 20 g/day (7) then 3 g/day (14) |
- | No difference between pre-and post-intervention | No difference between pre-and post-intervention | No effect |
| BENTON (2011) |
DBRPCT (T) |
121 (61:60) |
Pre-menopausal (20.3 ± 2.1, all) |
L 20 g/day (5) |
AE’s reported across study (R) | - | - | - |
| BRENNER (2000) |
DBRPCT (E) |
20 (10:10) |
Pre-menopausal (18.1 ± 7.6:19.5 ± 8.5) | C 20 g/day, (7) then 2 g/day (28) |
One AE reported (R) |
No difference between pre-and post-intervention | No difference between pre-and post-intervention | No effect |
| CANETE (2006) |
SBRPCT (E) |
16 (10:6) |
Post-menopausal (67 ± 6:68 ± 4) |
L 0.3 g/kg/day (7) |
No AE’s reported (S) |
No difference between pre-and post-intervention | No difference between pre-and post-intervention | No effect |
| CHILIBECK (2015) |
DBRPCPT (T) |
47 (23:24) |
Post-menopausal (57 ± 4:57 ± 7) |
M 0.1 g/kg/day (365) |
AE’s reported across study (R) |
No difference between pre-and post-intervention | No difference between pre-and post-intervention | No effect |
| COX (2002) |
DBPCMT (E) |
12 (6:6) |
Pre-menopausal (22.1 ± 5.4, all) |
L 20 g/day (6) |
AE’s reported across study (S) | - | - | Effect |
| ECKERSON (2006) |
DBRPCMXT (E) |
10 (All) |
Pre-menopausal (22 ± 5, all) |
L 20 g/day (5) |
- | - | - | No effect |
| FERGUSON (2006) |
DBRPCMT (E) |
26 (13:13) |
Pre-menopausal (24.6 ± 3.4, all) |
C 0.3 g/kg/day (7) then 0.03 g/kg/day (63) |
No AE’s reported (S) |
- | - | No effect |
| FORBES (2017) |
DBRPCT (E) |
18 (9:8) |
Pre-menopausal (23.8 ± 4.7:22.4 ± 3) | C 0.3 g/kg/day (5) then 0.1 g/kg/day (28) |
- | - | - | No effect |
| GOTSHALK (2008) |
DBRPCMT (E) |
30 (15:12) |
Post-menopausal (63.3 ± 4.6:63 ± 3.8) | L 0.3 g/kg/day (7) |
No AE’s reported (S) |
No difference between pre-and post-intervention | No difference between pre-and post-intervention | Effect |
| GUALANO (2014) |
DBRPCPT (T) |
74 (37:37) |
Post-menopausal (66.1 ± 4.8:66.3 ± 6) | C 20 g/day (5) then 5 g/day (161) |
No AE’s reported (S) |
No difference between pre-and post-intervention | No difference between pre-and post-intervention | Effect |
| HAMILTON (2000) |
SBRCMT (E) |
28 (11:13) |
Pre-menopausal (22.5 ± 4.23:23.9 ± 4.76) | L 30 g/day (9) |
AE’s reported across study (S) | - | - | No effect |
| HELLEM (2015) |
PSOL (T) |
14 (All) |
Pre-menopausal (37.4 ± 9.9) |
M 5 g/day (56) |
AE’s reported across study (R) | Increase in serum creatinine reported | - | |
| KAMBIS (2003) |
DBRPCMT (E) |
22 (11:11) |
Pre-menopausal (63.2 ± 6.68:63 ± 6.08) | L 20 g/day (5) |
No AE’s reported (S) |
- | - | No effect |
| KONDO (2011) |
PSOL (T) |
5 (All) |
Pre-menopausal 14–18) |
M 4 g/day (56) |
AE’s reported across study (R) | No abnormal levels reported | - | |
| KONDO * (2016) |
DBRPCDRT (T) |
33 (25:8) |
Pre-menopausal (13–20) |
M 2, 4 or 10 g/day (56) |
AE’s reported across study (R) | No difference between pre-and post-intervention | - | No effect |
| LARSON-MEYER (2000) |
DBRPCT (E) |
14 (7:7) |
Pre-menopausal (19 ± 1.5:19.3 ± 1.4) | C 15 g/day (5) then 5 g/day (86) |
AE’s reported across study (R) | - | - | No effect |
| LEADER (2009) |
OLT (T) |
30 (All) |
Pre-menopausal (over 18) |
M 3 g/day (7) then 5 g/day (49) |
No AE’s reported (S) |
- | - | |
| LEDFORD (1999) |
DBRPCMXT (E) |
10 (All) |
Pre-menopausal (26 ± 4:28 ± 7) |
L 20 g/day (5) |
One AE reported (U) |
- | - | No effect |
| LOBO (2015) |
DBRPCPT (T) |
149 (74:75) |
Post-menopausal (58 ± 5:58 ± 6) |
M 1 g/day (365) |
AE’s reported across study (S) | No difference between pre-and post-intervention | No difference between pre-and post-intervention | No effect |
| LYOO (2012) |
DBRPCT (T) |
52 (25:27) |
Pre-menopausal (45.7 ± 12.7:47.5 ± 9.5) | M 3 g/day (7) then 5 g/day for (49) |
AE’s reported across study (R) | No abnormal levels reported | No difference between pre-and post-intervention 3 showed mild increase in liver enzymes (2Cr,1Pl) |
- |
| NEVES (2011) |
DBRPCT (T) |
26 (13:13) |
Post-menopausal (59 ± 3:57 ± 3) |
C 20 g/day (7) then 5 g/day (77) |
No AE’s reported (R) |
No difference between pre-and post-intervention | - | No effect |
| RAMIREZ-CAMPILLOᵆ (2016) |
DBRPCT (E) |
33 (10:10:10) | Pre-menopausal (23.1 ± 3.4:22.9 ± 1.7:22.5 ± 2.1) | C 20 g/day (7) then 5 g/day (35) |
AE’s reported across study (S) | - | - | Effect |
| SILVA (1996) |
DBRPCT (E) |
16 (8:8) |
Pre-menopausal (16.3 ± 1.8:15.7 ± 1.2) | L 20 g/day (21) |
No AE’s reported (S) |
- | No effect | |
| THOMPSON (1996) |
RPCT (E) |
10 (−) |
Pre-menopausal (university students) |
M 2 g/day (42) |
- | - | - | No effect |
| VANDENBERGHE (1997) |
DBPCT (E) |
19 (10:9) |
Pre-menopausal (19–22) |
C 20 g/day (4) then 5 g/day (73) |
No AE’s reported (S) |
No abnormal levels reported | Effect | |
Study Design: DBPCMT=Double blind placebo-controlled matched trial; DBPCT=Double blind placebo-controlled trial; DBRPCDRT =Double blind randomised placebo-controlled dose ranging trial; DBRPCMXT=Double blind randomised placebo-controlled matched crossover trial; DBRPCT=Double blind randomised placebo-controlled trial; DBRPCMT=Double blind randomised placebo-controlled matched trial; DBRPCPT=Double blind randomised placebo-controlled parallel trial; OLT=Open label trial; PSOL=Pilot study open label; RPCT=Randomised placebo-controlled trial; SBRPCMT=Single blind randomised placebo-controlled matched trial; SBRPCT=Single blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Cr=Creatine group; Pl=Placebo group; E=Ergogenic; T=Therapeutic; M=maintenance dose only; C=Combination loading + maintenance dose, L=Loading dose only; AE=adverse event; Collection method, R=research initiated participant reporting; Collection method, S=participant self-reported; Collection method, U=unknown method of reporting; * 3 arms with different dosing regimens; ᵆ 3 arms (CrM, Placebo, Control); all=Mean and Standard deviation (SD) presented as total combined age group data.