Table 10.
Summary of the microwave solvothermal synthesis of ZnO without any additional heat treatment.
| Substrates | Conditions during Preparation | Properties | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O (different concentrations) | T: 190–220 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | control of size of particles within the size range between circa 15 and 120 nm | [402,758] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, diethylene glycol (solvent), triethylene glycol (solvent), tetraethylene glycol (solvent), H2O (constant concentration) | T: 190 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | spherical nanoparticles and rod-like shape nanoparticles; diameters: 32–47 nm | [402] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O (constant concentration) | pressure: 4 bar; duration: 12 min; power: 1000–3000 W; microwave reactor (3000 W) | nanoparticles (27 nm) aggregates precise size-control ranging from about 60 to 120 nm | [502] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (different concentrations), diethylene glycol (solvent) | T: 180 °C, duration: 5 min; microwave reactor (300 W) | nanoparticles (6–10 nm) clusters precise size-control ranging from about 57 to 274 nm | [759] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (different concentrations), oleic acid, diethylene glycol (solvent) | T: 250 °C, duration: 15 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor | nanoparticles (4–14 nm) | [760] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (ethylene glycol - solvent), H2O | different irradiation cycling modes, duration: 3–60 min; power: 200–600 W; microwave oven (750 W) | straw-bundle-like, wide chrysanthemum-like, nanorod-based microspheres, microspheres (irregular), nanorod-based microspheres, mixture of straw-bundle-like, wide chrysanthemum-like oat-arista-like | [761] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C6H5CH2OH (anhydrous benzyl alcohol, solvent) | T: 120–180 °C duration: 30 s–35 min; power: 300 W; microwave reactor | nanoparticles (4–8 nm) | [762] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2, Zn(C5H7O2)2, C6H5CH2OH (benzyl alcohol, solvent) | T: 120–180 °C duration: 30 s–35 min; power: 300 W; microwave reactor | nanoparticles (20 nm for Zn(C5H7O2)2; 25–30 nm for Zn(CH3COO)2) | [763] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H5OH (solvent); C3H7OH (solvent), H2O (solvent), NaOH | duration: 5 min; power: 150 W; microwave oven | water (solvent): ZnO nanoparticles had elliptical shape and large size with size of larger axis of about 100 nm and size of the other axis of about 40 nm; ethanol (solvent): rod nanostructures form with length of ~45 nm and radius of ~20 nm; isopropanol (solvent): spherical particles with radius of 10–12 nm. |
[764] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, CH3OH (solvent), N(CH2CH2OH)3, NaOH, H2O | pH: 9.5; duration: 150 s; microwave oven (900 W) | sword-like wires with diameters of about 80–250 nm and the length of ∼1–4 μm | [765] |
| Zn(C5H7O2)2·xH2O, CH3OH+C6H13OH (1-hexanol) (solvent) | T: 160 °C; duration: 1 h; microwave reactor | spherical aggregates of NPs, SSA: 52 m2/g | [766] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O (solvent), various volume ratio H2O:C2H4(OH)2 | T: 200 °C; duration; 30 min; power: 1000 W; microwave reactor | rods, hexagonal prisms, peanut-like, butterfly-like, spheres | [767] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Na2CO3, polyethylene glycol (PEG400) (solvent) | duration: 10 min; microwave oven (700 W) | nanorods, diameters: 10–25 nm, length: 60–200 nm | [768] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C4H8(OH)2 (1,4- butanediol, solvent) | duration: 2 min with on–off mode with a duration interval of 30 sec; power: 200 W; microwave oven (800 W) | nanoparticles 59 ± 16 nm | [769] |
| Zn(C5H7O2)2 (zinc acetylacetonate), C2H5OH (solvent), polyvinylpyrrolidone (various concentrations) | duration: 15 min; power: 800 W; microwave oven | irregularly shaped nanoparticles, nanorods and nanotubes | [770] |
| Zn(C5H7O2)2 (zinc acetylacetonate), C2H5OH + H2O (solvent), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) | duration: 15 min; power: 100 W; microwave reactor | nanorods coatings deposited on Cr/Si, Al/Si, Au/Si, ITO/glass; nanorod (length > 1 μm, width ~140–180 nm) | [771] |
| Zn(C5H7O2)2·H2O (zinc acetylacetonate monohydrate), alkoxyethanol (solvent), methoxyethanol (solvent), ethoxyethanol (solvent), n-butoxyethanol (solvent), | duration: 4 min; power: 800 W; microwave oven | SSA: 10–70 m2/g, nanoparticles 30–200 nm | [772] |
| Zn(C5H7O2)2·xH2O (zinc acetylacetonate hydrate, various concentrations), C4H9OH (1-butanol, solvent) | T: 120 °C; duration: 30 min; power: 250 W; pulsed microwave irradiation in microwave reactor | spherical-shaped (diameter 10–60 nm) and rod-shaped structures (length 100 nm) | [773] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, (CH3)2CHOH (isopropanol, solvent) | duration: 5 min; power: 150 W; microwave reactor | spherical nanoparticles (3–5 nm) | [774] |
| commercial ZnO was dissolved in 5 M NaOH, C2H8N2, C2H5OH (solvent) | T: 150 °C; duration: 30 min; microwave reactor | flower-like microstructures, rod-like microstructures (length: 5 μm, diameter: 1 μm) | [775] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C3H6(OH)2 (1,3-propanediol, solvent) | duration: 3 min with on–off mode having duration interval of 30 s; power: 360 W; microwave oven (800 W) | nanoparticles, diameter: 10–50 nm | [776] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, N(CH2CH2OH)3), CH3OH (solvent), H2O (solvent), NaOH | pH: 10.6–11.0; duration: 120–180 s; microwave oven (900 W) | uniform flower-like ZnO nanostructures (water), lengths: 700–950 nm, width: 130–230 nm; spheres (methanol): 250–400 nm | [573] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, N(CH2CH2OH)3, NaOH, C4H9OH (butanol, solvent) | pH: 8–10; T: 110 °C; duration: 40–60 s; microwave oven (900 W) | aggregated particles, average diameters: 550 nm; semi-spherical particles along with rice-like particles, average diameters ~600 nm; nanospheres average diameter 250 nm | [777] |
| Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, CH3(CH2)15NH2 (hexadecylamine), NaOH, C2H5OH (solvent), C3H6O (acetone, solvent), H2O (solvent) | T: 120 °C; duration: 15 min; microwave reactor | ethanol: spherical particles (20–60 nm) and rods with aspect ratio of 8–60; acetone: spherical particles (45–100 nm) and rods with aspect ratio which ranges from 37 to 94. water: star-shaped nanoparticles |
[778] |
| Zn(C5H7O2)2·xH2O (zinc acetylacetonate hydrate), ethylenediamine (solvent), water (solvent), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) | T: 100–110 °C; duration: 10 min, microwave oven | ethylenediamine: flower with rod-like petals, nanorod, nanoflake, flower with rod-like petals, flower with rod-like petals; water: flower cluster with spindle-like petals |
[779] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H5OH (anhydrous solvent), C6H5CH2OH (benzyl alcohol, solvent), H2O (solvent) | T: 200 °C; duration: 5–30 min; microwave reactor | SSA: 32–34 m2/g; ethanol: nanoparticles (~20 nm), hollow spheres consisting of nanoparticles (20–30 nm) ranging from 200 to 700 nm in diameter; benzyl alcohol: nanoparticles (10–80 nm) water: nanorods, length: 1–2 µm |
[780] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, C2H5OH (solvent) | T: 60 °C; duration: 5–6 min; microwave oven | spherical nanoparticles (4–8 nm) | [781,782] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, (CH3)2CHOH (isopropanol, solvent) | duration: 180 s; power: 140 W; microwave oven | nanowires | [783] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, (CH3)2CHOH (isopropanol) + H2O (solvent, various concentrations) | duration: 1–3 min; microwave oven (1450 W) | spheroidal nanostructures | [784] |
| Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH (different concentrations), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), C2H5OH + H2O (solvent) | T: 80–180 °C duration: 5–60 min; microwave reactor | rod-like, sheet-like, needle-like and flower-like nanostructures | [785] |
| Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, C2H5OH + H2O (solvent), hexamethylene tetramine (C6H12N4), triethanolamine ((TEA, C6H15NO3, various concentrations) | T: 180 °C duration: 15 min; microwave reactor (600 W) | mulberry-like structures (~150 nm) was constructed by many nanoparticles (~5 nm); flower-like structures; hexagonal structure | [786] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, zinc metal powder, NaOH, NH4(OH), C2H5OH (solvent), C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | pH: 10–14; duration: 5–10 min: power: 300–900 W: reactor microwave | marigold-flower like, multipod jasmine- flower like, urchin-rod-flower like, calendula-flower like and rice-grain-shape like | [787] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O (solvent), C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), 2-ethoxyethanol (solvent), Triton X-100 | duration: 3 min; power: 300 W; reactor microwave | nanorods with a pencil-like tip, nanorods with hexagonal flat tops, flower-like nanostructures | [788] |
| bis(acetylacetonato)zinc monohydrate, bis(methylacetato)zinc, bis(dimethylmalonato)zinc, C2H3N (acetonitrile, solvent) | T: 160–220 °C; duration: 30 min; power: 300 W; microwave reactor | spherical nanoparticles (3–16 nm) | [789] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, C2H5OH (solvent), H2O | T: 90 °C; duration: 20 min; microwave reactor | spherical nanoparticles (20–25 nm) | [790] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, (CH3)2CHOH (isopropanol, solvent), (CH2CH2OH)2NH (diethanolamine) | T: 150–200 °C; microwave reactor | nanospheres | [791] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C4H9NO (N,N-dimethylacetamide, DMAc, solvent), H2O | duration: 1.5–6 min; microwave oven (800 W) | particles (300–510 nm) and nanowires | [792] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, oleic acid, diethylene glycol (solvent) | T: 220–230 °C; duration: 10–15 min; microwave reactor | nanoparticles; diameters: 5–9 nm | [793] |
| Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, CO(NH2)2, H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (ethylene glycol, solvent) | T: 150 °C; duration: 15 min; microwave reactor (850 W) | flowers | [794] |
| ZnCl2·2H2O, sodium oleate, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, tetrahydrofuran (C4H8O, THF, solvent) | T: 125–200 °C; duration: 5 min; microwave reactor | spherical nanoparticles, size: 2.6–3.8 nm | [795] |
| Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Na2CO3, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), diethylene glycol (DEG, solvent), | duration: 1.5–5 min; microwave oven (1150 W) | nanoparticles, SSA: 35–86 m2/g | [796] |
| Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, polyethylene glycol, C2H5OH (solvent) | T: 140 °C; duration: 10 min; microwave oven | rods, diameter: 0.167 ± 0.05 µm, length: 1.63 ± 0.33 µm | [797] |
| Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, C2H5OH (solvent) | duration: 10–15 min; power 33%; microwave reactor (800 W) | nanorods, diameters: 10–20 nm | [705] |