Table 11.
Summary of the microwave solvothermal synthesis of ZnO nanocomposites or ZnO hybrid nanostructures without any additional heat treatment.
| Type of Composite | Substrates | Conditions during Preparation | Properties | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | T: 220 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15); spherical nanoparticles: SSA: 37–39 m2/g, diameter: 30–32 nm, paramagnetic behaviour |
[798,799] |
| Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O (different concentrations) | T: 190 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | Zn0.90Co0.10O, control of size of particles within the size range between circa 20 and 53 nm, SSA: 43–21 m2/g | [800] |
| Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O, oleic acid, (HOC2H4)2O (diethylene glycol, DEG, solvent) | T: 250 °C, duration: 15 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor | Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10), spherical nanoparticles: diameter: 5–40 nm | [801] |
| Mn doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | T: 200 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | Zn1−xMnxO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10 0.15, 0.20, 0.25); spherical nanoparticles, diameter: 19–30 nm, SSA: 40–63 m2/g | [802] |
| Co-Mn co-doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | T: 190 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | Zn(1−x−y)MnxCoyO NPs was x = y = 0.00, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 (the amount of both ions was equal), spherical nanoparticles, diameter: 19–30 nm, SSA: 40–56 m2/g, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic behaviour |
[803] |
| M doped ZnO (M = Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni) | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Co(NO3)2·6H2O, Cr(NO3)3·9H2O, Cr(NO3)3·9H2O, Mn(NO3)2·4H2O, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, C2H5(OH) (solvent), polyethylene glycol MW ≈ 2000 | T: 280 °C; pressure: 20 bar; microwave reactor (300 W) | nanoparticles, paramagnetic behaviour | [232] |
| Mn doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | duration: 30 s cycles (on for 10 s, off for 20 s) for 10 min; power: 33%; microwave reactor (650 W) | Zn1−xMnxO (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20), nanoparticles | [804] |
| Ag-ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Ag(CH3COO), C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) |
duration: 12 min; power: 1 kW (33%); microwave reactor (3 kW) | ZnO spherical nanoparticles (30–35 nm); Ag spherical nanoparticles (35–39 nm) |
[181] |
| Ag-ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, AgNO3, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O | duration: 30 s cycles (on for 21 s, off for 9 s) for 10 min; power: 900 W; microwave oven | spherical nanoparticles (13–30 nm); hexagonal disks (14–165 nm); nanorods diameter: 104 nm, aspect ratio of 2.8; 3.5 nm Ag particles were inserted into the pores of ZnO; SSA: 25–51 m2/g |
[805] |
| Ag-ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, AgNO3, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O | T: 170 °C; duration: 30 min; microwave oven | hierarchical architectures constructed by nanoparticles (50 nm) | [806] |
| Au-ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2, HAuCl4, oleic acid + oleylamine (solvent) | duration: 10 s–15 min; power: 100–1000 W; microwave oven | nanopyramids, height: 100–130 nm, diameter of the hexagonal basal plane of the final Au-ZnO nanopyramid is about 50–60 nm | [807] |
| Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | T: 280 °C; pressure: 20 bar; duration 20 min; microwave reactor (300 W) | Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0, 0.001, 0.01; 0.05, 0.10, 0.15), nanoparticles | [808] |
| M doped ZnO (M = Mn, Ni, Co, Cr) | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O, Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Cr(CH3COO)3, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | T: 280 °C; pressure: 20 bar; duration 40 min; microwave reactor (300 W) | Zn1−xMxO (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15), nanoparticles (20–30 nm) | [809] |
| M doped ZnO (M = V, Co, Fe, Ni, Mn) | Zn(CH3COO)2, Co(CH3COO)2, Fe(CH3COO)2, Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O, Mn(CH3COO)2, C6H5CH2OH (benzyl alcohol, solvent) | T: 160 °C; duration: 3 min; microwave reactor | Zn1−xMxO (x = 0–0.3), nanoparticles (10–20 nm), Fe doped samples showed room temperature ferromagnetism | [810] |
| In doped ZnO, Al doped ZnO |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, InCl3·4H2O, AlCl3·6H2O, diethylene glycol (solvent), H2O |
T: 200 °C; duration 30 min; laboratory microwave oven (1200 W), 1 h at 400 °C in H2/N2 = 10/90% |
nanoparticles (10–15 nm) | [811] |
| Co doped ZnO, Mn doped ZnO |
Zn(NO3)2, Co(NO3)2, Mn(NO3)2, NaOH, C2H5(OH) (solvent), H2O | pH: 12; duration 5 min; power: 150 W; microwave oven | concentration of the dopant was 5%; spherical nanoparticles (10–15 nm), paramagnetic | [812] |
| Ni doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Ni(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, polyvinylpyrrolidone, (CH3)2CHOH (isopropanol, solvent) | duration 5 min; power: 150 W; microwave oven | ZnO:Ni nanorods with diameter: 8–10 nm and length: 35-45 nm | [813] |
| Al doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Al(NO3)3, NaOH, C2H5(OH) (solvent) | T: 80 °C; duration 60 min; power: 400 W; microwave oven | Al doping levels: 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 at%; spherical-like structures, crystallite size: 11–15 nm |
[814] |
| Al. doped ZnO, Ga doped ZnO, Al, Ga co-doped ZnO |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Al(NO3)3·9H2O, Ga(NO3)3·xH2O, diethylene glycol (solvent), H2O | T: 200 °C; duration 30 min; microwave reactor (1500 W) | Al and Ga dopant levels were from 0.5 to 2.5 at%; doped and co-doped powders exhibited a broad size distribution with particles around 100–200 nm | [815] |
| Al2O3 coated ZnO | ZnO NPs (diameter: 12–25 nm, 38.4 m2/g), aluminium triisopropoxide (Al(O-i-Pr)3), NH4OH, C2H5(OH) (solvent) | pH: 12; T: 70 °C; duration 5 min; microwave reactor (500 W) | core-shell structures | [816] |
| Mg doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, CO(NH2)2, urea, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O | T: 130 °C; duration 4 h; power: 150–200 W; microwave reactor | Zn1−xMgxO (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8), nano- and sub-micron particle size | [817] |
| Fe3O4@SiO2/ZnO | Fe3O4@SiO2 (different quantities), Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, diethylene glycol (DEG, solvent) | T: 160 °C; duration 15–60 h; mechanical stirring | Fe3O4 content: 10–30 wt%; spherical shape, size 250–850 nm | [818] |
| coaxial ZnO/C/CdS nanocables | ZnO/C core-shell nanocables (80 nm in diameter and a range of 0.5–2 mm in length), CdCl2·2H2O, C2H5(OH) (solvent), thioacetamide | duration 10 min; power: 280 W; microwave refluxing system | CdS nanoparticles (5.5 nm) uniformly deposited on the surface of nanocables | [819] |
| ZnO/reduced graphene oxide | graphite (modified Hummers method and Fan’s method), Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (various concentrations), diethylene glycol (solvent) | duration 10 min; power: 300 W; microwave refluxing system | ZnO nanocrystals (10–14 nm) anchored onto reduced graphene oxide sheets | [820] |
| ZnO/reduced graphene oxide, Ag/ZnO/reduced graphene oxide |
graphite, Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (various concentrations), AgNO3, NaOH, C2H4(OH)2 | duration: 4 cycles (heated 1 min, stirred for 3 min); microwave oven | ZnO NPs and Ag NPs anchored onto reduced graphene oxide sheets | [821] |
| C/ZnO | ZnO nanorods grafted by glucose, glycerol | T: 100 °C; duration 30 min; microwave reactor | carbon-coated ZnO nanorods | [822] |