Table 12.
Summary of the microwave solvothermal synthesis of ZnO nanocomposites or ZnO hybrid nanostructures with additional heat treatment.
| Type of Composite | Substrates | Conditions during Preparation | Calcination Parameters | Properties | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| undoped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, isopropanol (solvent) | duration 5 min; microwave oven | 600 °C in air for 1 h | spherical nanoparticles (30 nm) | [823] |
| undoped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (solvent) | duration 1 min; power: 400–1000 W; microwave oven | 500 °C in air for 3 h | nanoparticles; size from 15–25 to 50–70 nm | [824] |
| undoped ZnO | Zn(C5H7O2)2·xH2O, C2H5(OH) (solvent), CH3OH (solvent), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and Triton X100, H2O | duration: 20 s–5 min; power: 160–800 W; microwave oven (800 W) with a water-cooled condenser (reflux system) | 500 °C in air for 2–5 min | films on Si, Ge, Cr/Si, glass, indium tin oxide coated glass and polymer substrates, (spherical nanoparticles (diameter: ∼15) nm or nanorods (length: 1–3 μm)) | [825,826,827,828,829,830] |
| undoped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, dimethylformamide (DMF) | duration 60 min; power: 300 W; microwave oven | 500 °C in air for 3 h | spherical nanoparticles (as-synthesised 24–26 nm, annealed 33–34 nm) | [831] |
| undoped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, 2-methylimidazole, HCOONa, CH3OH (solvent) | T: 120 °C; duration: 2 h; microwave reactor | 550 °C in air for 2 h | uniform particle approximately rhombic dodecahedron facets, size: ~97 nm | [832] |
| Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·2H2O, urea, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | duration 30 min; power: 500 W; microwave oven | 400 °C in air | Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4), nanoparticles (~24 nm), paramagnetic behaviour | [833] |
| Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | T: 220 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | 800 °C in nitrogen for 0.5 h, 800 °C in synthetic air for 0.5 h |
Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15); spherical nanoparticles: SSA: 3 m2/g, diameter: 300–400 nm, paramagnetic behaviour |
[798] |
| Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, HCl, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | pH: 6–12; duration: until microwave heating solvents were evaporated; power: 500 W; microwave oven | 400 °C in air | Zn0.94Co0.06O; nanoparticles (7–23 nm), paramagnetic behaviour | [834] |
| Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·2H2O, urea, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | until microwave heating solvents were evaporated; microwave oven | 300 °C in air for 1 h | Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0.001-0.004), average crystallite size 18–28 nm; super paramagnetic nature and ferromagnetic behaviour | [835] |
| Fe doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Fe(NO3)2·9H2O, NaOH, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), C2H5OH (solvent) | pH: 11; duration 2 min; power: 140 W; microwave oven | 200 °C in air for 1 h | nanoparticles (11–17 nm), Fe content: 0–20% | [836] |
| Mn doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | duration: 30 s cycles for 20 min in total; power: 650 W; microwave oven | 400 °C in air | Zn1−xMnxO (x = 0.1–0.4), spherical nanoparticles | [837] |
| Ag-ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, AgNO3, Na2O2, isopropanol (solvent), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) | T: 200 °C; duration 2–6 h; microwave reactor | 300 °C in air for 2 h | chrysanthemum-like prismatic nanorods | [838] |