Table 2.
Reprogramming interventions targeting amino acid supplementation to prevent the developmental programming of hypertension in rodent animal models.
| Intervention | Animal Model | Species/Gender | Age at Measure | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arginine/Taurine | ||||
| Arginine (20 g/L) and taurine (25 g/L) in drinking water plus antioxidants * from day 7 of gestation to postnatal week 4 | Genetic hypertension | FHH/M and F | 9 weeks | [88] |
| Arginine (20 g/L) and taurine (25 g/L) in drinking water plus antioxidants * from day 7 of gestation to postnatal week 8 | Genetic hypertension | SHR/M and F | 24 weeks | [89] |
| Arginine (20 g/L) and taurine (25 g/L) in drinking water plus antioxidants * from day 7 of gestation to postnatal week 8 | Genetic hypertension | SHR/M and F | 36 weeks | [90] |
| Arginine (20 g/L) and taurine (25 g/L) in drinking water plus antioxidants * from day 7 of gestation to postnatal week 4 | Genetic hypertension | SHR/F | 48 weeks | [91] |
| Taurine | ||||
| 3% taurine in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | High-sugar diet | SD/F | 8 weeks | [92] |
| 3% taurine in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Streptozotocin-induced diabetes | Wistar/M and F | 16 weeks | [93] |
| 3% taurine in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Genetic hypertension | SHR/M | 22 weeks | [94] |
| 5% taurine in drinking water during pregnancy | Genetic hypertension | SHRSP/M | 3 months | [95] |
| Citrulline | ||||
| 2.5 g/L citrulline in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Maternal 50% caloric restriction | SD/M | 12 weeks | [96] |
| 2.5 g/L citrulline in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Prenatal dexamethasone exposure | SD/M | 12 weeks | [97] |
| 2.5 g/L citrulline in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Streptozotocin-induced diabetes | SD/M | 12 weeks | [98] |
| 2.5 g/L citrulline in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Maternal L-NAME exposure | SD/M | 12 weeks | [99,100] |
| 2.5 g/L of water from day 7 of gestation to postnatal week 6 | Genetic hypertension | SHR/M and F | 50 weeks | [52] |
| Cysteine | ||||
| 1% NAC in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Prenatal dexamethasone and postnatal high-fat diet | SD/M | 12 weeks | [101] |
| 1% NAC in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Suramin-induced pre-eclampsia | SD/M | 12 weeks | [102] |
| 1% NAC in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Maternal L-NAME exposure | SD/M | 12 weeks | [103] |
| NAC (500 mg/kg/day) in drinking water from gestational day 4 to postnatal day 10 | Maternal nicotine exposure | SD/M | 8 months | [104] |
| Glycine | ||||
| 3% glycine in chow during pregnancy and lactation | Maternal 9% protein restriction | Wistar/M | 4 weeks | [105] |
| Branched chain amino acids | ||||
| BCAA-supplemented diets in pregnancy | Maternal 70% caloric restriction | SD/M | 16 weeks | [106] |
Studies tabulated according to type of amino acid, animal model, species, and age at measure. * Antioxidants: vitamin C (594 mg/L) in drinking water and vitamin E (9 g/kg) in chow. FHH, Fawn-hooded hypertensive rat; SD, Sprague–Dawley rat; SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rat; SHRSP, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat; M, male; F, female; L-NAME, NG-nitro–L-arginine methyl ester; NAC, N-acetylcysteine.