Table 2.
Overview of the anti-pathogenic functionalities of isolated HMOs.
| HMO Characteristics | [HMO] | Strains Used | Observed Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2-FL, 3-FL, 3-SL, 6-SL | 2-FL = 2.5 mg/mL 3-FL = 0.5 mg/mL 3′-SL = 0.1 mg/mL 6′-SL = 0.3 mg/mL |
EPEC, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella fyris | Anti-adhesive effect of 6-SL and 3-FL against Escherichia coli and Salmonella fyris | [17] |
| Synthesized 2-FL, 3-FL | 10 mg/mL |
Gram-negative: Campylobacter jejuni, EPEC, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Differential anti-adhesive effect | [47] |
| 3-SL and 6-SL | 2 μg/mL–1 mg/mL |
Gram-negative:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Dose-dependent inhibition by 6-SL of pneumocyte invasion (lung) | [52] |
| 3-SL, 6-SL, LNT, LSTa, LSTc, DSLNT | 5 mg/mL |
Gram-positive: GBS |
Inhibition of biofilm production and growth by larger sialylated oligosaccharides | [44] |
| 2-FL, 3-FL, DFL, LNT, LNnT, LNFP I, LNFP II, LNFP III, LNT II, para-LNnH, LNnH | 5 mg/mL |
Gram-positive: GBS |
Strain-specific antimicrobial activity, no biofilm inhibition, fucose not involved in antimicrobial function | [42] |
| 2-FL1-N-2-FL | - |
Gram-positive: GBS |
No antimicrobial or antibiofilm activity of 2-FL Antimicrobial/antibiofilm activity due to cationic moiety of 1-N-2-FL |
[49] |