Table 3.

Overview of the anti-pathogenic functionalities of AOS.

AOS Characteristics	[AOS]	Strains Used	Observed Effects	References
GC: 90–95% (OligoG CF 5/20), 46%, 0% MW: 2.6 kDa	2%, 6%, 10%	Gram-negative: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli	Inhibition of motility and biofilm formation, antibiotic synergy	[63]
OligoG CF-5/20	2%, 6%, 10%	Gram-negative: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii	Structural interference biofilm formation, antibiotic synergy	[64]
OligoG CF-5/20	2%, 6%, 10%	Gram-negative: Porphyromonas gingivalis Gram-positive: Streptococcus mutans	Triclosan synergy	[70]
OligoG CF-5/20	0.2%–10%	Gram-negative:Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia spp.	Inhibition of pathogenic cell motility	[65]
Alginate-derived oligosaccharides M/G: 2.28 MW: 300 kDa	2 mg/mL	Gram-negative: Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Antibiotic synergy, anti-biofilm effect, decrease in virulence, increase in susceptibility to H2O2 of pathogen	[88]
OligoG CF-5/20	5–100 mg/mL	Gram-negative: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram-positive: Streptococcus mutans	Cellular aggregation of S. mutans and P. aeruginosa and binding of OligoG CF-5/20 to P. aeruginosa. Anti-microbial effects are not related to structural alterations in LPS or cell permeability	[67]
OligoG CF-5/20	2%	Gram-negative: Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Antibiotic synergy	[66]
OligoG CF-5/20	-	Gram-negative: Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Inhibition of QS-signaling	[84]
OligoG CF-5/20	0.5%, 2%, 6%	Gram-negative: Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Disruptive effect on biofilm formation, established biofilm	[69]